Divided communities and contested landscapes: Mobility, development and shifting identities in migrant destination sites in Papua New Guinea

Internal conflicts at the local and national levels in several South Pacific countries have revealed the fragility of national unity and the difficulties nations face in governing and managing their own economic development. In Papua New Guinea, the focus of this paper, an uncertain economic future for many rural and urban communities, and rising inequalities in income opportunities and access to resources, have coincided with greater intolerance of migrants at sites of high in-migration by customary landowners and provincial and local authorities. This paper draws on fieldwork undertaken in the major oil palm growing regions of Papua New Guinea where migrants from densely populated regions of the country have settled on state land alienated from customary landowners. We examine how struggles over land, resource control and development are polarising migrant and landowner identities resulting in increasing tensions and episodic communal violence. A settler identity is emerging based on a narrative of nation building and national development, while an ethno-regional identity amongst customary landowners is undermining the citizen rights of migrants and challenging the role and authority of the state in land matters

Solar neutrino measurements in Super-Kamiokande-I

The details of Super--Kamiokande--I's solar neutrino analysis are given. Solar neutrino measurement in Super--Kamiokande is a high statistics collection of $^8$B solar neutrinos via neutrino-electron scattering. The analysis method and results of the 1496 day data sample are presented. The final oscillation results for the data are also presented.Comment: 32pages, 57figures, submitted to Physical Review

Three flavor neutrino oscillation analysis of atmospheric neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande

We report on the results of a three-flavor oscillation analysis using Super-Kamiokande~I atmospheric neutrino data, with the assumption of one mass scale dominance ($\Delta m_{12}^2$$=$0). No significant flux change due to matter effect, which occurs when neutrinos propagate inside the Earth for $\theta_{13}$$\neq$0, has been seen either in a multi-GeV $\nu_e$-rich sample or in a $\nu_\mu$-rich sample. Both normal and inverted mass hierarchy hypotheses are tested and both are consistent with observation. Using Super-Kamiokande data only, 2-dimensional 90 % confidence allowed regions are obtained: mixing angles are constrained to $\sin^2\theta_{13} < 0.14$ and $0.37 < \sin^2\theta_{23} < 0.65$ for the normal mass hierarchy. Weaker constraints, $\sin^2\theta_{13} < 0.27$ and $0.37 < \sin^2\theta_{23} < 0.69$, are obtained for the inverted mass hierarchy case.Comment: 7 figures, 3 table

Evidence for an oscillatory signature in atmospheric neutrino oscillation

Muon neutrino disappearance probability as a function of neutrino flight length L over neutrino energy E was studied. A dip in the L/E distribution was observed in the data, as predicted from the sinusoidal flavor transition probability of neutrino oscillation. The observed L/E distribution constrained nu_mu nu_tau neutrino oscillation parameters; 1.9x10^-3 < Delta m^2 < 3.0x10^-3 eV^2 and \sin^2(2theta) > 0.90 at 90% confidence level.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR

Search for nucleon decay via modes favored by supersymmetric grand unification models in Super-Kamiokande-I

We report the results for nucleon decay searches via modes favored by supersymmetric grand unified models in Super-Kamiokande. Using 1489 days of full Super-Kamiokande-I data, we searched for $p \to \bar{\nu} K^+$, $n \to \bar{\nu} K^0$, $p \to \mu^+ K^0$ and $p \to e^+ K^0$ modes. We found no evidence for nucleon decay in any of these modes. We set lower limits of partial nucleon lifetime 2.3$\times10^{33}$, 1.3$\times10^{32}$, 1.3$\times10^{33}$ and 1.0$\times10^{33}$ years at 90% confidence level for $p \to \bar{\nu} K^+$, $n \to \bar{\nu} K^0$, $p \to \mu^+ K^0$ and $p \to e^+ K^0$ modes, respectively. These results give a strong constraint on supersymmetric grand unification models.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure

Search for Supernova Relic Neutrinos at Super-Kamiokande

A search for the relic neutrinos from all past core-collapse supernovae was conducted using 1496 days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector. This analysis looked for electron-type anti-neutrinos that had produced a positron with an energy greater than 18 MeV. In the absence of a signal, 90% C.L. upper limits on the total flux were set for several theoretical models; these limits ranged from 20 to 130 nu_e bar cm^-2 s^-1. Additionally, an upper bound of 1.2 nu_e bar cm^-2 s^-1 was set for the supernova relic neutrino flux in the energy region E_nu > 19.3 MeV.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Letters. New version includes corrections to Figure 1. Also, text has been shortened to conform with the space limitations of PR

Constraints on neutrino oscillation parameters from the measurement of day-night solar neutrino fluxes at Super-Kamiokande

A search for day-night variations in the solar neutrino flux resulting from neutrino oscillations has been carried out using the 504 day sample of solar neutrino data obtained at Super-Kamiokande. The absence of a significant day-night variation has set an absolute flux independent exclusion region in the two neutrino oscillation parameter space.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PRL, single-spacin

Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos

We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33.0 kiloton-year (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. The data exhibit a zenith angle dependent deficit of muon neutrinos which is inconsistent with expectations based on calculations of the atmospheric neutrino flux. Experimental biases and uncertainties in the prediction of neutrino fluxes and cross sections are unable to explain our observation. The data are consistent, however, with two-flavor nu_mu nu_tau oscillations with sin^2(2theta)>0.82 and 5x10^-4 < delta m^2 < 6x10^-3 eV^2 at 90% confidence level.Comment: 9 pages (two-column) with 4 figures. Small corrections to Eqn.4 and Fig.3. Final version to appear in PR