13 research outputs found

    Heat of combustion of grains caryopses of lowered quality properties

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    Celem podj臋tych bada艅 by艂o okre艣lenie i por贸wnanie warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania ziarna jako艣ciowego oraz poro艣ni臋tego, gatunk贸w zb贸偶 z podrodziny wiechlinowatych. Badania wykonano za pomoc膮 kalorymetru zgodnie z obowi膮zuj膮c膮 norm膮 PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Na podstawie otrzymanych wynik贸w stwierdzono m.in., 偶e najwi臋ksz膮 艣redni膮 warto艣ci膮 ciep艂a spalania spo艣r贸d badanych gatunk贸w zb贸偶 charakteryzuj膮 si臋 ziarniaki owsa. Dotyczy to zar贸wno ziarna jako艣ciowego jak i poro艣ni臋tego tego gatunku, a otrzymane warto艣ci to odpowiednio 18,62 i 18,02 MJ*kg-1. Najmniejsze warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania zarejestrowano natomiast dla ziarniak贸w pszenicy i pszen偶yta. Ciep艂o spalania ziarna jako艣ciowego tych gatunk贸w wynosi艂o odpowiednio 17,25 i 17,24 MJ*kg-1, poro艣ni臋tego natomiast 17,07 i 17,01 MJ*kg-1 Por贸wnuj膮c warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania ziarna jako艣ciowego z poro艣ni臋tym w obr臋bie ka偶dego z badanych gatunk贸w stwierdzono istotne r贸偶nice pod tym wzgl臋dem tylko w przypadku 偶yta i owsa. Ziarno jako艣ciowe tych gatunk贸w charakteryzowa艂o si臋 istotnie wy偶szymi warto艣ciami ciep艂a spalania w stosunku do poro艣ni臋tego. Dla ziarna jako艣ciowego 偶yta warto艣膰 ta wynosi艂a 17,68 MJ*kg-1, dla poro艣ni臋tego 17,22 MJ*kg-1.The purpose of the research was to determine and compare values of the heat of combustion of the quality and the sprout seed, grain varieties belonging to a sub-variety of graminae. The research was conducted using the calorimeter pursuant to the applicable standard PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Based on the obtained results it was stated, inter alia, that oat caryopses are characterised by the highest mean value of the heat of combustion among the examined grain varieties. It concerns both the quality seed as well as the sprout seed of this variety and the obtained values are respectively 18.62 and18.02 MJ*kg-1. Whereas, the lowest values of the heat of combustion were recorded for wheat and triticale caryopses. The heat of combustion of the quality seed of these varieties was respectively 17.25 and 17.24 MJ*kg-1, while the sprout seed was 17.07 and 17.01 MJ*kg-1. While comparing values of the heat of combustion of the quality seed with the sprout seed within each of the examined varieties, significant differences were noticed in case of rye and oat. The quality seed of these varieties was characterised by significantly higher values of the heat of combustion in relation to the sprout seed. For the quality seed of rye, this value was 17,68 MJ*kg-1, for the sprout seed 17,22 MJ*kg-1

    Heat of combustion of straw and wastes from wheat spelt fertilized with varied doses of potassium

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    Celem podj臋tych bada艅 by艂o okre艣lenie i por贸wnanie warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania s艂omy oraz zgonin orkiszu pszennego przy zr贸偶nicowanej wilgotno艣ci badanego materia艂u i nawo偶eniu potasowym. Badania wykonano za pomoc膮 kalorymetru zgodnie z obowi膮zuj膮c膮 norm膮 PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Zwi臋kszone nawo偶enie potasowe powodowa艂o spadek warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania zar贸wno s艂omy, jak i zgonin przy wszystkich zastosowanych wariantach wilgotno艣ci. Najwi臋ksze warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania zarejestrowano zar贸wno dla s艂omy, jak i zgonin o wilgotno艣ci 3,2% przy pojedynczej dawce potasu wynosz膮cej 75 kg路ha-1.The objective of the research was to determine and compare the value of the heat of combustion of straw and waste from wheat spelt at varied moisture of the researched material and potassium fertilization. The research was conducted by means of the calorimeter pursuant to the applicable standard PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. The increased potassium fertilization caused the decrease of the heat of combustion value of both straw and waste at all applied moisture variants. The highest values of the heat of combustion were registered for both straw and waste of 3.2% moisture at a single dose of potassium amounting to 75 kg路ha-1

    Heat of combustion of wheat grains from a gramineae subgroup

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    Celem podj臋tych bada艅 by艂o okre艣lenie i por贸wnanie warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania ziarniak贸w zb贸偶 przy r贸偶nym stopniu ich uwilgotnienia (11, 16, 18%). Badania wykonano za pomoc膮 kalorymetru zgodnie z obowi膮zuj膮c膮 norm膮 PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Na podstawie otrzymanych wynik贸w stwierdzono m.in. 偶e najwi臋kszymi 艣rednimi warto艣ciami ciep艂a spalania przy wilgotno艣ci 11 i 18% charakteryzuj膮 si臋 ziarniaki owsa i j臋czmienia.The purpose of the research was to determine and compare the value of the heat of combustion of wheat grains with a different degree of humidity (11, 16, 18%). The researches were conducted using the calorimeter pursuant to the applicable standard PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. On the basis of the obtained results it was stated, among others, that oat and barley grains are characterised by the highest values of the heat of combustion with the humidity of 11 and 18%

    Mo偶liwo艣ci wykorzystania biomasy odpadowej z produkcji zielarskiej na cele energetyczne

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    The objective of the research was to determine and compare the value of the heat of combustion of waste biomass in the form of above-ground parts of the selected species of herbs. The research included leaved stalks of milk thistle, non-leaved stalks of thyme and garden sage and inflorescence axes of lavender and fennel. The heat of combustion of waste biomass was determined with the use of a calorimeter according to the applicable standard PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Based on the obtained results it was stated, inter alia, that, from among the investigated species the lowest average value of the heat of combustion of 13.28 MJ路kg-1 was in case of biomass obtained from milk thistle. The heat of combustion of biomass of the remaining species was similar and it was at the average of 20.47 MJ路kg-1. Weight of ash after combustion was the highest in case of milk thistle and it was 0.23 g whereas in case of the remaining species it did not exceed 0.03 g.Celem podj臋tych bada艅 by艂o okre艣lenie i por贸wnanie warto艣ci ciep艂a spalania biomasy odpadowej, w postaci cz臋艣ci nadziemnych, wybranych gatunk贸w ro艣lin zielarskich. Badaniami obj臋to ulistnione 艂odygi ostropestu plamistego, bezlistne 艂odygi tymianku i sza艂wii lekarskiej oraz osie kwiatostanowe lawendy i kopru w艂oskiego. Ciep艂o spalania biomasy odpadowej oznaczono za pomoc膮 kalorymetru, zgodnie z obowi膮zuj膮c膮 norm膮 PN-EN ISO 9831:2005. Na podstawie otrzymanych wynik贸w stwierdzono m.in., 偶e z po艣r贸d badanych gatunk贸w najmniejsz膮 艣redni膮 warto艣ci膮 ciep艂a spalania, wynosz膮c膮 13,28 MJ路kg-1 charakteryzowa艂a si臋 biomasa ostropestu plamistego. Ciep艂o spalania biomasy pozosta艂ych gatunk贸w by艂o zbli偶one i wynosi艂o 艣rednio 20,47 MJ路kg-1. Masa pozosta艂ego po spaleniu popio艂u by艂a najwi臋ksza w przypadku ostropestu plamistego i wynosi艂a 0,23 g, natomiast u pozosta艂ych gatunk贸w nie przekracza艂a 0,03 g

    Tuning P-PI and PI-PI controllers for electrical servos

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    Tuning rules for position and velocity controllers in P-PI and PI-PI electrical servomechanisms are developed using the root locus design method. P-PI controller is equivalent to PID controller with a set-point filter. PI-PI servo provides zero steady-state error for linear disturbances, which may be important for some tracking tasks. Three design data are needed to calculate the tunings, i.e. drive gain, settling time and control cycle. The development begins with continuous controllers for better understanding. Closed-loop transfer functions involve real multiple poles, so the responses are smooth, without overshoot. Upper limits on control cycles as fractions of settling times are given. Some experimental results are presented

    Electrochemical Method of Copper Powder Synthesis on Rotating Electrode in the Presence of Surfactants

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    This paper presents a method of synthesizing copper powders by electrochemical method with the use of a rotating working electrode. The influence of the rotation speed of the working electrode, the current density, the concentration of copper ions, and the addition of ethylene glycol on the shape, size, and size distribution of the obtained powders were investigated. Properties of the synthesized powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). It has been shown that it is possible to obtain copper powders with a size of 1 碌m by an electrochemical method using the rotary cathode, in sulphate bath with addition of ethylene glycol as a surfactant. Increasing current density causes a decrease in the average size of the obtained powder particles. The addition of 2.5% of ethylene glycol prevents the formation of dendritic powders. The change in the concentration of copper ions in the range from 0.01 to 0.15 mol/dm3 in the electrolyte did not show any significant effect on the size of obtained particles. However, higher concentrations of copper limiting the presence of dendritic-shape particles. Changing the speed of rotation of the electrode affects both the size and the shape of synthesized copper powder. For the rotational speed of the electrode of 115 rpm, the obtained powders have a size distribution in the range of 0-3 碌m and an average particle size of 1 碌m. The particles had a polygonal shape with an agglomeration tendency
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