Tıbbi verilerde heinz ortalamasına dayalı yeni sentetik veriler üreterek veri kümesini dengeleme

Advances in science and technology have caused data sizes to increase at a great rate. Thus, unbalanced data has arisen. A dataset is unbalanced if the classes are not nearly equally represented. In this case, classifying the data causes performance values to decrease because the classification algorithms are developed on the assumption that the datasets are balanced. As the accuracy of the classification favors the majority class, the minority class is often misclassified. The majority of datasets, especially those used in the medical field, have an unbalanced distribution. To balance this distribution, several studies have been performed recently. These studies are undersampling and oversampling processes. In this study, distance and mean based resampling method is used to produce synthetic samples using minority class. For the resampling process, the closest neighbors for all data points belonging to the minority class were determined by using the Euclidean distance. Based on these neighbors and using the Heinz Mean, the desired number of new synthetic samples were formed between each sample to obtain balance. The Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms are used to classify the raw and balanced datasets, and the results were compared. Additionally, the other well known methods (Random Over Sampling-ROS, Random Under Sampling-RUS, and Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique-SMOTE) are compared with the proposed method. It was shown that the balanced dataset using the proposed resampling method increases classification efficiency as compared to the raw dataset and other methods. Accuracy measurements of RF are 0.751 and 0.799 and, accuracy measurements of SVM are 0.762 and 0.781 for raw data and resampled data respectively. Likewise, there are improvements in the other metrics such as Precision, Recall, and F1 Score.Bilim ve teknolojideki ilerlemeler veri boyutlarının büyük hızda artmasına neden olmuştur. Böylece dengesiz veriler ortaya çıkmıştır. Sınıflar neredeyse eşit olarak temsil edilmiyorsa, bir veri kümesi dengesizdir. Bu durumda sınıflandırma algoritmaları veri setlerinin dengeli olduğu varsayımı ile geliştirildiği için verilerin sınıflandırılması performans değerlerinin düşmesine neden olur. Sınıflandırmanın doğruluğu çoğunluk sınıfını desteklediğinden, azınlık sınıfı genellikle yanlış sınıflandırılır. Özellikle tıp alanında kullanılan veri kümelerinin çoğu dengesiz bir dağılıma sahiptir. Bu dağılımı dengelemek için son zamanlarda çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar, eksik örnekleme ve aşırı örnekleme süreçleridir. Bu çalışmada, azınlık sınıfı kullanılarak sentetik örnekler üretmek için uzaklık ve ortalama tabanlı yeniden örnekleme yöntemi kullanıldı. Yeniden örnekleme işlemi için, azınlık sınıfına ait tüm veri noktaları için en yakın komşular Öklid uzaklığı kullanılarak belirlendi. Bu komşulara dayalı olarak ve Heinz Ortalaması kullanılarak veri setini dengeye getirmek için her numune arasında istenilen sayıda yeni sentetik numuneler oluşturuldu. Ham ve dengeli veri setlerini sınıflandırmak için Rassal Orman (RF) ve Destek Vektör Makinesi (SVM) algoritmaları kullanıldı ve sonuçlar karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca, iyi bilinen diğer yöntemler (ROS, RUS ve SMOTE) önerilen yöntemle karşılaştırılmıştır. Önerilen yeniden örnekleme yöntemini kullanan dengeli veri kümesinin, ham veri kümesi ve diğer yöntemlere kıyasla sınıflandırma verimliliğini artırdığı gösterilmiştir. Sırasıyla ham veriler ve yeniden örneklenmiş veriler için RF'nin doğruluk ölçümleri 0.751 ve 0.799'dur ve SVM'nin doğruluk ölçümleri 0.762 ve 0.781'dir. Aynı şekilde Kesinlik, Hassasiyet ve F1 Skoru gibi diğer metriklerde de iyileştirmeler vardır

Operator inequalities via accretive and dissipative transforms

In this article, we employ certain properties of the transform $\mathscr{C}_{M,m}(A)=(M\mathbf1_{\mathcal{H}}-A^*)(A-m\mathbf1_{\mathcal{H}})$ to obtain new inequalities for the bounded linear operator $A$ on a complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. In particular, we obtain new relations among $|A|,|A^*|,|\mathfrak{R}A|$ and $|\mathfrak{I}A|$. Further numerical radius inequalities that extend some known inequalities will be presented too

A Note on Kantorovich and Ando Inequalities

The main goal of this exposition is to present further analysis of the Kantorovich and Ando operator inequalities. In particular, a new proof of Ando's inequality is given, a new non-trivial refinement of Kantorovich inequality is shown and some equivalent forms of Kantorovich inequality are presented with a Minkowski-type application

Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Sulfonamide-Aldehyde Derivative in Allium cepa Root Tip Cells

The continuous production and release into the environment of chemicals has revealed the need to determine their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Sulfonamide-aldehyde (SA) derivatives, whose biological activity properties vary in a wide spectrum, are frequently used in agriculture, medicine, pharmacy and many other fields. These compounds have an important cycle in the ecological system due to their use and diversity. In the present study, the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sulfonamide-aldehyde derivative were investigated using Allium test system with the concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM. In A. cepa cells, the increasing concentrations of SA caused cytotoxic effects by inducing nuclear lesions and inhibition of mitotic index. In addition, the increasing concentrations of SA caused genotoxic effects by inducing micronucleus and chromosome aberrations, which the most common ones are C-mitosis, sticky metaphase, and anaphase bridge. The results indicate that the concentration of 25 μM is EC50 in micronucleus, nuclear lesions, and chromosome aberrations; and 50 μM is EC50 in mitotic index (p lt; 0.05)

Common variable immunodeficiency at adult age

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of diseases progressing with recurrent infections. This disease should be considered in cases experiencing recurrent lung infection, otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and urinary tract infection. Since it is generally seen in the childhood age group, the diagnosis in adults may be delayed. A Common Variable Immunodeficiency case, which was followed up in our clinic and characterized by recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia, was presented to raise awareness on this issue. CVID should be kept in mind in patients who are admitted to outpatient clinics with recurrent infections, who do not respond despite appropriate treatments, and who develop complications

Rapunzel Syndrome in a Patient with Autism

Trichobezoar should be considered in the differential diagnosis in pediatric patients who present with complaints of abdominal pain, feeding problems, and vomiting as well as psychiatric problems.Rapunzel syndrome is a rare form of trichobezoar that can extend from the stomach to the small intestine and even to the colon. In this case report, a 9-year-old girl with autism accompanied by trichotillomania and trichophagia and diagnosed with Rapunzel syndrome is presented

Nature relatedness, flow experience, and environmental behaviors in nature-based leisure activities

IntroductionThrough nature-based leisure activities, spending time in nature offers opportunities to reduce stress, relax the mind, and enhance feelings of well-being. Being aware of the benefits provided by these activities increases the nature relatedness, and during the time spent in nature, it enables experiencing positive and satisfying moments by entering into a state of flow. The concepts of nature-relatedness and flow experience represent psychological experiences and characteristics that play an important role in enhancing psychological well-being and life quality.MethodsBased on structural equation models, the relationships among nature-relatedness, flow experience, and environmental behaviors were investigated. Data were collected from 379 individuals (212 male, 167 female) who regularly engage in nature-based leisure activities such as cycling, hiking, and fishing. The participants were predominantly male (55.9%) and aged 45  years and over (53.3%).ResultsThe nature-relatedness significantly influences flow experience (R2 = 0.505, p < 0.01), environmental behavior (R2 = 0.108, p < 0.01), environmental sensitivity (R2 = 0.137, p < 0.01), and communication with nature (R2 = 0.200, p < 0.01). Specifically, nature-relatedness directly enhanced environmental sensitivity (0.494 total effect), environmental behavior (0.604 total effect), and communication with nature (0.599 total effect) and did so both directly and indirectly through the mediation of flow experience.DiscussionA higher level of nature-relatedness can lead to a stronger flow experience, which in turn can increase positive. environmental behavior, environmental sensitivity, and communication with nature

The frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy and Pompe disease in children with isolated transaminase elevation: results from the observational VICTORIA study

IntroductionElevated transaminases and/or creatine phosphokinase can indicate underlying muscle disease. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) in male children and Pompe disease (PD) in male and female children with isolated hypertransaminasemia.MethodsThis multi-center, prospective study enrolled patients aged 3–216 months with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) levels >2× the upper limit of normal (ULN) for ≥3 months. Patients with a known history of liver or muscle disease or physical examination findings suggestive of liver disease were excluded. Patients were screened for creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, and molecular genetic tests for DMD/BMD in male patients and enzyme analysis for PD in male and female patients with elevated CPK levels were performed. Genetic analyses confirmed PD. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed.ResultsOverall, 589 patients [66.8% male, mean age of 63.4 months (standard deviation: 60.5)] were included. In total, 251 patients (188 male and 63 female) had CPK levels above the ULN. Of the patients assessed, 47% (85/182) of male patients were diagnosed with DMD/BMD and 1% (3/228) of male and female patients were diagnosed with PD. The median ALT, AST, and CPK levels were statistically significantly higher, and the questioned neurological symptoms and previously unnoticed examination findings were more common in DMD/BMD patients than those without DMD/BMD or PD (p < 0.001).DiscussionQuestioning neurological symptoms, conducting a complete physical examination, and testing for CPK levels in patients with isolated hypertransaminasemia will prevent costly and time-consuming investigations for liver diseases and will lead to the diagnosis of occult neuromuscular diseases. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT04120168