Color Changes of Package Silage In Period of Aerobic Stability

Bu çalışmada, paket silajlarda açım sonrası silaj yüzeyinin renginde meydana gelen değişimler ile bazı kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik parametreler, altı günlük aerobik stabilite süresince izlenmiştir. Uygulamalar; kontrol (K), Silo-king firma dozu (RF), silo-king çift doz (R2), Simsilaj firma dozu (SF) ve Simsilaj çift doz (S2) olarak belirlenmiştir. Mısır bitkisi, silaj paketleme makinası ile paketlenmiştir. Doksan günlük depolama sonrasında açılan örneklerden aerobik stabilite süresince CIE Lab renk sisteminde renk analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca, sarılık (yı*) indeksi de ölçülmüştür. Deneme sonucunda, aerobik stabilitenin silaj yüzey rengi üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). En düşük renk değişimi (?E) 8.96 olarak S2 uygulamasında hesaplanmıştır. Renk değişimi en yüksek sıcaklık ve pH değerinin olduğu 96 saatte olmuştur. En yüksek CO2 değerleri firma dozu uygulamalarında bulunmuştur.In this study, changes on color of the silage surface, chemical and microbiological parameters in six days period of aerobic stability of package silage were investigated. For this purpose, the effect of the silage additive materials and treatments dose also were examined. Treatments were determined as Control (C), Siloking firm dose (FD), Silo-King double dose (D2), Sim-Silage firm dose (SF), and Sim-Silage double dose (S2). Maize was ensiled using a package silage machine. The package silages opened after three months storage was analyzed for colors during aerobic exposure. In this research, yellowness (yı*) indicates were also measured to show the effect of fermentation process on the silage color properties. As the result of experiment, it was found that aerobic stability have significant effects on color of the silage surface (all parameters) statistically (p<0.05). The lowest color alteration (?E) was estimated as 8.96 in S2 treatment. The color alteration also was increased 96 h when increased at pH and temperature. The highest CO2 values were found at firm dose treatments

Mikroalg Elde Etmek Amacıyla Fotobiyoreaktör Imalatı Ve Biyodizel Üretimi

Günümüzde artan enerji ihtiyacı alternatif yakıtlara olan ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Yenilenebilir kaynaklardan çevre dostu prosesler ile elde edilen biyodizelin, petrol dizeli yerine kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Biyodizel üretiminde hammadde olarak kullanılan yenebilen yağlara ( kanaola, ayçiçeği, palm yağı v.b.) ve yenmeyen yağlara (atık yağlar, jatropha, aspir v.b.) alternatif olarak son yıllarda mikroalg yağlarına olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu proje ile öncelikle mikroalg yağından biyodizel yakıtının üretimi ve kalitesinin kontrolü amaçlanmıştır. Bitkisel yağ ve türevlerinin dizel yakıt olarak kullanımı 1900’lerde dizel motorun icat edilişi ile başlamış ve günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Mikroalg yağından üretilen biyodizellerin, yoğunluk, viskozite, parlama noktası, bakır korozyon ve akma noktası gibi bazı yakıt özellikleri belirlenmiştir.Demands for alternative fuels such as biodiesel are increasing because of decreasing of fossil fuel sources and its environmental concerns. However, the resulting biodiesel plant origin safflower, canola, peanut oil, etc. at the same time hold an important place in the food sector, the biodiesel production is the most important limiting factor. These projects are biodiesel from microalgae oil is intended. The use of derivatives of vegetable oil and diesel fuel in diesel engines were invented in the 1900s and up to the present has been started with. Some fuel properties of microalgae biodiesel such as density, viscosity, flash point, copper corrosion, pour point were determined

Effects of Central Milking Systems on Milk Quality

Bu çalışmada kooperatif çatısı altında merkezi köy sağım sistemlerinin kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Edirne, Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ illerine bağlı Büyükdoğanca (Sağım Sistemi 1), Karamesutlu (Sağım Sistemi 2) ve Ferhadanlı (Sağım Sistemi 3) köylerinde yürütülmüştür. Sağım sistemleri kurulmadan önce ve kurulduktan sonar elde edilen sütlerin kalite analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerde, canlı bakteri sayısı, somatik hücre sayısı ve donma noktası değerleri tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek canlı bakteri sayısı düşüşü Sağım Sistemi 2'de gerçekleşmiştir. Burada; ortalama 692,878 kob/mL olan değer ortalama 32,297 kob/mL olarak tespit edilmiştir. Somatik hücre sayısı için en yüksek düşüş Sağım Sistemi 1'de bulunmuştur. Sistem kurulmadan önce ortalama 551,448 ad/mL olan değer ortalama 364,228 ad/mL'ye düşmüştür. Sağım sistemleri kurulumlarından önce ve sonrasında süte karışan su miktarı bulunmadığından donma noktası değerlerinde farklılık gözlenmemiştir.In this research it was aimed that establishing central milking system under frame of village cooperatives. The research was held in B&uuml;y&uuml;kdoğanca (milking system 1), Karamesutlu (milking system 2) and Ferhadanlı (milking system 3) which were belong to Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces respectively in Trakya Region;Turkey. Harvested milk was analyzed before and after establishing central milking systems. Bacteria counts, somatic cell counts and frozen points were determined as milk quality. The highest reducing at bacteria counts was found to be Milking System 2 which were from average 692,878 cfu/mL to average 32,297 cfu/mL. The highest reducing at somatic cell counts were from average 551,448 n/mL to average 364,228 n/mL in Milking System 1. Frozen points were not changed as there was no water found both before and after the milking systems

Effects of Central Milking Systems on Milk Quality

Bu çalışmada kooperatif çatısı altında merkezi köy sağım sistemlerinin kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Edirne, Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ illerine bağlı Büyükdoğanca (Sağım Sistemi 1), Karamesutlu (Sağım Sistemi 2) ve Ferhadanlı (Sağım Sistemi 3) köylerinde yürütülmüştür. Sağım sistemleri kurulmadan önce ve kurulduktan sonar elde edilen sütlerin kalite analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerde, canlı bakteri sayısı, somatik hücre sayısı ve donma noktası değerleri tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek canlı bakteri sayısı düşüşü Sağım Sistemi 2'de gerçekleşmiştir. Burada; ortalama 692,878 kob/mL olan değer ortalama 32,297 kob/mL olarak tespit edilmiştir. Somatik hücre sayısı için en yüksek düşüş Sağım Sistemi 1'de bulunmuştur. Sistem kurulmadan önce ortalama 551,448 ad/mL olan değer ortalama 364,228 ad/mL'ye düşmüştür. Sağım sistemleri kurulumlarından önce ve sonrasında süte karışan su miktarı bulunmadığından donma noktası değerlerinde farklılık gözlenmemiştir.In this research it was aimed that establishing central milking system under frame of village cooperatives. The research was held in Büyükdoğanca (milking system 1), Karamesutlu (milking system 2) and Ferhadanlı (milking system 3) which were belong to Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces respectively in Trakya Region;Turkey. Harvested milk was analyzed before and after establishing central milking systems. Bacteria counts, somatic cell counts and frozen points were determined as milk quality. The highest reducing at bacteria counts was found to be Milking System 2 which were from average 692,878 cfu/mL to average 32,297 cfu/mL. The highest reducing at somatic cell counts were from average 551,448 n/mL to average 364,228 n/mL in Milking System 1. Frozen points were not changed as there was no water found both before and after the milking systems

Evaluating of Milking Parlor Performance in Turkey

The number of dairy farm with milking parlor in Turkey has been increasing in the last 3 years, because of the subsidization. Evaluating milking parlor performance can be beneficial to improve milking quality and quantity. Therefore, improvement of milking performance or efficiency has been a major focus of milking parlor studies. The data presented in the study was collected on 132 farms that located in Turkey. Values were collected from dry performance testing of milking parlors, each farm's parlor management software report (available for 27 farms) and conversation with dairy farmers. Some of the obtained results were; the mean value for number of cows milked per day was 76, the mean milk production was 21.4 kg/cow/day, the mean system vacuum was 43.1 kPa and the mean pulsation ratio (A+B%) was 59, 9 and some of the milking parameters results were; the mean value for average of milk flow rate was 1.75 kg min(-1) and the mean value for average milking duration was 6.84 min

Effects of Particle Length on Alfalfa Baled Silage Quality and Color Under Different Storage Conditions

The aim of the research was to determine effects of particle length on bale silage quality under different storage conditions. Field trial was done with two particle length (4-cm and 8-cm). Bales were formed using an Orkel GP model 1260 silage baler after the alfalfa dried to the approximate desired moisture content. Bales were kept under open air; semi closed and closed storage condition. Silage quality of all samples was determined after storage period. Dry matter (DM), pH, crude cellulose, (CC), ash, crude protein (CP), acetic acid (AA) and lactic acid contents (LA) were evaluated as silage quality parameters. Results of the chemical analysis of silages were found significant influence of storage conditions and particle length on bale silage quality. Silage color values were also measured in this research. According to results, silage quality was changed to be strongly dependent on particle length (*P<0.05). The best silage quality and desired silage color were obtained from the bales in particle length of 8 cm stored under closed storage

Necessity of Re-Organization of Turkish Agricultural Higher Educational System

Education in Agricultural Faculties has been changing from beginning to these days in Turkey. However, education in agriculture always contains all area of agriculture and students are awarded the same diploma which is Agricultural Engineer after four years. By means of science and technology has been developing, agricultural applications also have been changing recently. This resulted in increasing of requirements from agricultural engineer in respect of both wide and deep knowledge about agriculture. In this study it was aimed that clarification of history of agricultural higher education from the beginning till now in Turkey and agricultural higher education systems in some developed countries. Necessity of re-organization of Turkish agricultural higher education system was also discussed and some recommendations about this theme were given

Biosystems Engineering

Higher agricultural education system has been getting multidiscipline as a result of the level of technology, recently. Biosystems Engineering has become popular in developed countries particularly after electronic and information technologies has been getting to be a part of agriculture and accompanied of biology. In this study definition of Biosystems Engineering discipline, working areas, research, publication and job opportunities were discussed meticulously. Academic organization of Biosystem Engineering in universities and the programs also were explained

Possibility of applying central milking system in villages

Bu çalışmada, geleneksel yöntemlerle sağımların gerçekleştiği üç köyde kooperatif ve süt birliği çatısı altında merkezi köy sağım tesisinin kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, ineklerin kurulan sağım tesisinde sağımları yapılmadan önceki ve sonraki sağım tekniği uygulamaları ve enerji tüketimleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, her iki dönemde elde edilen süt kalite değerleri de incelenmiştir. Araştırma, Trakya Bölgesini oluşturan Edirne, Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ illerine ait Büyükdoğanca, Karamesutlu ve Ferhadanlı köylerinde yürütülmüştür. Sağım tekniği ve performansı ölçümleri için merkezi sağım tesisi kurulan köylerde, işletmelerin tümü ziyaret edilerek sağım teknikleri, makine tipleri konularında bilgiler edinilmiş ve sağım uygulamaları kaydedilmiştir. Merkezi sağım tesisi kurulduktan sonra, sağımlar izlenmiş ve sistemin sürü yönetim programından sağım zamanları not edilmiştir. Köylerde merkezi sağım tesisi kurulmadan önce ve kurulduktan sonra sağım performansı (Sağımın yapıldığı toplam kurulu güç, Sağım için harcanan toplam zaman ve işçilik) ölçüm sonuçlarında bariz farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca, köylerde sağım tesisi kurulduktan sonra ideal olan kuru sağım tekniği, dezenfeksiyon kullanımı, ilk sağım ve son sağım uygulamaları yapılmıştır.In this research it was aimed that establishing central milking parlor under frame of village cooperatives. Milking routine and milking performance were determined before and after establishing central milking parlor. The research was held in B&uuml;y&uuml;kdoğanca, Karamesutlu and Ferhadanlı which were belong to Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces respectively in Trakya Region;Turkey. Milking performance and milking routines applications were obtained by observing milking facilities on farms individually. The same data after establishing the central milking systems were taken by herd management system and milking observing. Parlor performance values (power requirement, milking time and labors) were founded considerable different from before and after milking establishing the central milking systems. Appropriate milking routine (dry milking), pre and post milking applications were done after establishing the central milking systems