Modification of the Two-Point Scaling Theory for the Description of the Phase Transition in Solution. Analysis of Sodium Octanoate Aqueous Solutions

On the basis of conventional scaling theory, the two-point scaling theory was modified in order to describe the influence of composition on the partial molar heat capacity and volume during the micellization process. To verify the theory, isobaric heat capacities and densities of aqueous sodium octanoate solutions were measured over wide composition and temperature ranges and the modified approach was used to analyze the calculated partial molar heat capacities and volumes of the surfactant in water. The results obtained indicate that the micellization process is subject to the scaling laws. The results were compared with those for other systems. Peculiar behavior of the critical indices was observed and correlated with the structure of the micelles

Hydrogen bonds of cholesterol with some anions in carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane

Using FT-IR spectrophotometry and calorimetry, the equilibrium constants (Kf) and enthalpies (ΔfH) of hydrogen bond complex formation (1:1) between cholesterol and anions have been determined. Some anions such as Br-, Cl-, OCN- and MeCO2- of tetra-n-butylammonium salts were used as proton acceptors. The process of complex formation: NBu4+X- + HO-chol = NBu4+X- = NBu4+X-...HO-chol was examined in carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane. The values of Kf and ΔfH of complex formation in carbon tetrachloride increase for the mentioned anions in the following order: Br- < Cl- < OCN- < MeCO2-, analogously as their hydrogen bond basicity. In dichloromethane the sequence is similar except for MeCO2- for which Kf, ΔfH and ΔfS are lower than expected. This can be due to the specific solvation of acetate anion in this solvent

Electromagnetic calculation of a transducer with complicated movement based on common magnetic circuit

This document contains results of research on complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter characteristic that allows making independent axial and rotary shaft motion. The converter in addition to linear-rotary mechanism consists of two drive rotors and one common magnetic circuit excitator. Such a solution allows to reduce volume of the machine and makes it easier to use. The paper cites design intent and possible structure of the device. Phenomenon of common magnetic circuit adverse effect on correct operation of device is discussed. The concept of using relative error as a way to evaluate the influence of that phenomenon in the torques is discussed. Waveforms of determined relative errors for all possible cases is presented. Furthermore the concept of average relative error is defined and its use as a quantitative method of assessing the degree of common circuit impact is indicated. Definition of relative error ripple factor is given, and its usage is shown. Winding inductance calculation based on free FEM application is shown and its influence on control strategy and power system.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki postępu prac nad elektromechanicznym przetwornikiem położenia o wspólnym obwodzie magnetycznym, znamiennym tym, że umożliwia wykonywanie niezależnego ruchu liniowo obrotowego wałka wykonawczego. Przekładnik oprócz mechanizmu liniowo- obrotowego składa się z dwóch wirników napędzających wspomniany mechanizm oraz wspólnego wzbudnika stanowiącego wspólny obwód magnetyczny. Zastosowanie takiego rozwiązania, umożliwia zmniejszenie objętości maszyny, czyniąc ją łatwiejszą w zastosowaniu. W pracy przywołano założenia konstrukcyjne i możliwe struktury wykonania urządzenia. Omówiono zjawisko niekorzystnego wpływu wspólnego obwodu magnetycznego na poprawną pracę przetwornika. Wskazano wykorzystanie pojęcia błędu względnego jako sposobu oceny stopnia oddziaływania wymienionego zjawiska na moment obrotowy wirników. Zaprezentowano przestrzenne przebiegi wyznaczonych błędów względnych, dla wszystkich możliwych przypadków. Zdefiniowano ponadto pojęcie średniego błędu względnego i wskazano jego zastosowanie jako ilościowego sposobu oceny stopnia oddziaływania wspólnego obwodu. Zdefiniowano pojęcie współczynnika tętnienia błędu momentu i wskazano jego zastosowanie. Omówiono wyznaczenie indukcyjności uzwojeń w darmowym programie do obliczeń polowych i jej wpływu na projektowanie układu zasilania sterownika oraz strategii sterowania

Description of reaserch on complex motion electromechanical converter with common magnetic circuit

The paper describes research on evolution of complex motion electromechanical converter. So far simultaneous generation of slidinig and rotating motion was done using at least two excitators. This paper presents solution which two excitators are replaced by a single one having common magnetic path and two separated electric circuits. The main advantage of common magnetic core is reduction of electromechanical converter volume, which simplifies technical application. Apart from introduction of main principle of common magnetic circuit, this paper shows two examples of common core complex motion electromechanical converter: radial flux, and axial flux application. Furthermore first results of FEM analyze of radial application and development orientation are presented

The electromagnetic calculations of complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter

This document contains results of research on complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter characteristic that allows making independent axial and rotary shaft motion. The converter in addition to linear-rotary mechanism consists of two drive rotors and one common magnetic circuit excitator. Such a solution allows to reduce volume of the machine and makes it easier to use. The paper cites design intent and possible structure of the device. Phenomenon of common magnetic circuit adverse effect on correct operation of device is discussed. The concept of using relative error as a way to evaluate the influence of that phenomenon in the torques is discussed. Waveforms of determined relative errors for all possible cases is presented. Furthermore the concept of average relative error is defined and its use as a quantitative method of assessing the degree of common circuit impact is indicated. Definition of relative error ripple factor is given, and its usage is shown. Winding inductance calculation based on free FEM application is shown and its influence on control strategy and power system

The electromagnetic calculations of complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter

This document contains results of research on complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter characteristic that allows making independent axial and rotary shaft motion. The converter in addition to linear-rotary mechanism consists of two drive rotors and one common magnetic circuit excitator. Such a solution allows to reduce volume of the machine and makes it easier to use. The paper cites design intent and possible structure of the device. Phenomenon of common magnetic circuit adverse effect on correct operation of device is discussed. The concept of using relative error as a way to evaluate the influence of that phenomenon in the torques is discussed. Waveforms of determined relative errors for all possible cases is presented. Furthermore the concept of average relative error is defined and its use as a quantitative method of assessing the degree of common circuit impact is indicated. Definition of relative error ripple factor is given, and its usage is shown. Winding inductance calculation based on free FEM application is shown and its influence on control strategy and power system

Gravity waves in Newton’s gravitation and test proposition of laser interferometer gravitational-wave (LIGO)

Wstęp i cel: W artykule wykazane zostało, że z prawa ciążenia Newtona wynika istnienie fal grawitacyjnych. Materiał i metody: Matematyczne wyprowadzenie oraz numeryczna symulacja. Wyniki: W artykule pokazane zostały różnice pomiędzy przebiegiem fal grawitacyjnych wynikających z grawitacji Newtona oraz przebiegiem fal grawitacyjnych wynikających z Ogólnej Teorii Względności, których pomiar został ogłoszony przez zespół LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational- Wave Observatory). W artykule zaproponowana została metoda testowania interferometru laserowego do pomiaru fali grawitacyjnej używanego w obserwatorium LIGO. Wniosek: Fale grawitacyjne wynikające z prawa ciążenia Newtona mają inny przebieg niż fale grawitacyjne wynikające z Ogólnej Teorii Względności. Według obu teorii fale grawitacyjne są cyklicznymi zmianami natężenia pola grawitacyjnego. Do uwiarygodnienia wyników ogłoszonych przez zespół LIGO konieczne jest strojenie tego urządzenia. Dopiero wtedy będzie wiadomo, co w rzeczywistości mierzy LIGO. Zjawisko koincydencji poważnie podważa wiarygodność pomiarów ogłoszonych przez zespół LIGO.Introduction and aim: The article shows that the gravitational waves result from Newton’s gravitational law. Material and methods: Mathematical derivation and numerical simulation. Results: The article presents the differences between the course of gravitational waves resulting from Newton’s gravity and the course of gravitational waves resulting from the General Theory of Relativity, the measurement of which was announced by the LIGO team (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). The article proposed a method for testing a laser interferometer for measuring the gravitational wave used in the LIGO Observatory. Conclusion: The gravitational waves resulting from Newton’s gravitational law have a different course than the gravitational waves resulting from the General Theory of Relativity. According to both theories, gravitational waves are cyclical changes in the intensity of the gravitational field. To authenticate the results announced by the LIGO team, it is necessary to adjustment this device. Only then will it be known what LIGO actually measures. The co-integration phenomenon seriously undermines the credibility of the measurements announced by the LIGO team