Advanced Nanomaterials in Multimodal Imaging: Design, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications

The biomedical applications of nanoparticles in molecular imaging, drug delivery, and therapy give rise to the term “nanomedicine” and have led to ever-growing developments in the past decades. New generation of imaging probes (or contrast agents) and state of the art of various strategies for efficient multimodal molecular imaging have drawn much attention and led to successful preclinical uses. In this context, we intend to elucidate the fundamentals and review recent advances as well as to provide an outlook perspective in these fields

Comparison and systematic optimization of synthetic protocols for DOTA-hydrazide generation

DOTA-based organometallic complexes are extensively used in functional and molecular imaging studies, as well as in radioimmunotherapy. DOTA forms thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert complexes with various different diagnostic and therapeutic metals, such as gadolinium, gallium, yttrium and indium. Here, we have compared and systematically optimized the two most commonly used synthetic protocols for generating DOTA–hydrazide complexes, identifying conditions which reduce overall reaction time and increase overall yiel