Measuring Connectedness of Euro Area Sovereign Risk

We introduce a methodology for measuring default risk connectedness that is based on an out-of-sample variance decomposition of model forecast errors. The out-of-sample nature of the procedure leads to "realized" measures which, in practice, respond more quickly to crisis occurrences than those based on in-sample methods. The resulting relative and absolute connectedness measures find distinct and complementary information from CDS and bond yield data on European area sovereign risk. The detection and use of these second moment differences of CDS and bond data is new to the literature and allows to identify countries that impose risk on the system from those which sustain risk

The Neutrophil Life Cycle.

Neutrophils are recognized as an essential part of the innate immune response, but an active debate still exists regarding the life cycle of these cells. Neutrophils first differentiate in the bone marrow through progenitor intermediaries before entering the blood, in a process that gauges the extramedullary pool size. Once believed to be directly eliminated in the marrow, liver, and spleen, neutrophils, after circulating for less than 1 day, are now known to redistribute into multiple tissues with poorly understood kinetics. In this review, we provide an update on the dynamic distribution of neutrophils across tissues in health and disease, and emphasize differences between humans and model organisms. We further highlight issues to be addressed to exploit the unique features of neutrophils in the clinic

Der subjektiv wahrgenommene Nutzen der Adressaten des Angebotes "Bremer Behandlungsmodul für sexuell grenzverletzende Menschen" : Eine qualitative Untersuchung in Kooperation mit dem Träger Praksys Bremen

Im Kontext des Forschungsprojektes steht hierbei das Angebot Bremer Behandlungsmodul für sexuell grenzverletzende Menschen (BBSG), das von Männern wahrgenommen wird, die sexuelle Grenzverletzungen begangen haben. Dieses Modul wurde mit dem Ziel konzipiert, einerseits Verantwortung für die Taten zu übernehmen, Stabilität in krisenhaften Lebenssituationen zu gewähren und längerfristig die Rückfallgefahr zu minimieren sowie im besten Fall eine Verhaltensveränderung zu unterstützen. In Kooperation mit dem Träger Praksys sollen die Anwendbarkeit und die Nutzbarkeit des Angebotes hinterfragt werden. Die folgenden Unterpunkte beschreiben entsprechend den projektbezogenen Hintergrund, die ethnographische Felderkundung sowie einen Einblick in aktuelle Forschungserkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Zielgruppe sexuell grenzverletzender Menschen

Timescales from magma mixing to eruption in alkaline volcanism in the Eifel volcanic fields, western Germany

Diffusion profiles in olivine crystals from the final mafic eruption products of the compositionally zoned Laacher See tephra deposit were measured to identify recharge and eruption-triggering events prior to the eruption of the Laacher See volcano (12.9 kyr). These products represent the hybrids of mixing between phonolite and intruding basanite at the bottom of the reservoir, which is likely related to the eruption-triggering event. Additionally, olivine crystals from ten basanitic scoria cones and maar deposits (East Eifel) and two nephelinites (West Eifel) were analyzed to constrain histories of olivine in Quaternary basanite magmas. Olivine crystals from the Laacher See hybrids vary in core composition (Fo83–89) and show reversely zoned mantles with high Fo87.8–89 compared to olivine in East Eifel basanites erupted in nearby, older scoria cones. Towards the crystal margin, olivine in the hybrids develop a normally zoned overgrowth (Fo86.5–87.5). Olivine from East Eifel basanites show similar zonation and core compositions (Fo80–88) but have less forsteritic mantles (Fo83–88) indicating that these basanites are less primitive than those recharging the Laacher See reservoir (> Fo89). Olivine in the West Eifel nephelinites show mantles similar to those from Laacher See (Fo87.5–90), but have normal zoning and high-Fo cores (Fo88–92). This indicates that olivine in the Laacher See hybrids were entrained by a near-primary basanite from older cumulates just before hybridization of the basanite with the phonolite. Diffusion modeling indicates maximum timescales between entrainment and eruption of Laacher See of 30–400 days that are comparable to those calculated for olivine from basanitic scoria cones (10–400 days)

Timescales from magma mixing to eruption in alkaline volcanism in the Eifel volcanic fields, western Germany

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Diffusion profiles in olivine crystals from the final mafic eruption products of the compositionally zoned Laacher See tephra deposit were measured to identify recharge and eruption-triggering events prior to the eruption of the Laacher See volcano (12.9 kyr). These products represent the hybrids of mixing between phonolite and intruding basanite at the bottom of the reservoir, which is likely related to the eruption-triggering event. Additionally, olivine crystals from ten basanitic scoria cones and maar deposits (East Eifel) and two nephelinites (West Eifel) were analyzed to constrain histories of olivine in Quaternary basanite magmas. Olivine crystals from the Laacher See hybrids vary in core composition (Fo<jats:sub>83–89</jats:sub>) and show reversely zoned mantles with high Fo<jats:sub>87.8–89</jats:sub> compared to olivine in East Eifel basanites erupted in nearby, older scoria cones. Towards the crystal margin, olivine in the hybrids develop a normally zoned overgrowth (Fo<jats:sub>86.5–87.5</jats:sub>). Olivine from East Eifel basanites show similar zonation and core compositions (Fo<jats:sub>80–88</jats:sub>) but have less forsteritic mantles (Fo<jats:sub>83–88</jats:sub>) indicating that these basanites are less primitive than those recharging the Laacher See reservoir (> Fo<jats:sub>89</jats:sub>). Olivine in the West Eifel nephelinites show mantles similar to those from Laacher See (Fo<jats:sub>87.5–90</jats:sub>), but have normal zoning and high-Fo cores (Fo<jats:sub>88–92</jats:sub>). This indicates that olivine in the Laacher See hybrids were entrained by a near-primary basanite from older cumulates just before hybridization of the basanite with the phonolite. Diffusion modeling indicates maximum timescales between entrainment and eruption of Laacher See of 30–400 days that are comparable to those calculated for olivine from basanitic scoria cones (10–400 days).</jats:p&gt

Development of Ag/AgX (X=Cl, I) nanoparticles toward antimicrobial, UVprotectedand self-cleanable viscose fibers

In situ synthesis of Ag/AgX nanoparticles (NPs) onto viscose fibers adds new functionalities and broadens theirapplications. In this study, Ag/AgX (X=Cl, I) NPs were in situ synthesized onto viscose fibers to impart brilliantcolors, UV-protection, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and photocatalytic properties. The AgX NPs were depositedon the fibers by ultrasonic irradiation, while Ag-NPs were formed by photoreduction of excess Ag+ ions underUV irradiation. The Ag/AgX NPs-loaded onto viscose fibers endowed with pale yellow for Ag/AgI and palepurple/violet for Ag/AgCl. The colored viscose fibers showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichiacoli (gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), and Candida Albican. The Ag/AgX/viscose fiber alsoshowed excellent photocatalytic and self-cleaning activity toward degradation of methylene blue

The splenic marginal zone shapes the phenotype of leukemia B cells and facilitates their niche-specific retention and survival

Microenvironmental regulation in lymphoid tissues is essential for the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We identified cellular and molecular factors provided by the splenic marginal zone (MZ), which alter the migratory and adhesive behavior of leukemic cells. We used the Cxcr5−/−E{mu}-Tcl1 leukemia mouse model, in which tumor cells are excluded from B cell follicles and instead accumulate within the MZ. Genes involved in MZ B cell development and genes encoding for adhesion molecules were upregulated in MZ-localized Cxcr5−/−E{mu}-Tcl1 cells. Likewise, surface expression of the adhesion and homing molecules, CD49d/VLA-4 and CXCR7, and of NOTCH2 was increased. In vitro, exposing Eµ-Tcl1 cells or human CLL cells to niche-specific stimuli, like B cell receptor- or Toll-like receptor ligands, caused surface expression of these molecules characteristic for a follicular or MZ-like microenvironment, respectively. In vivo, inhibition of VLA-4-mediated adhesion and CXCL13-mediated follicular homing displaced leukemic cells not only from the follicle, but also from the MZ and reduced leukemia progression. We conclude that MZ-specific factors shape the phenotype of leukemic cells and facilitate their niche-specific retention. This strong microenvironmental influence gains pathogenic significance independent from tumor-specific genetic aberrations

Colored, photocatalytic, antimicrobial and UV-protected viscose fibers decorated with Ag/Ag2CO3 and Ag/Ag3PO4 nanoparticles

Surface modification of textile fibers with nanoparticles (NPs) has been widely investigated for multiple different uses. Herein, a simple and highly efficient technique was developed to impart multifunctional properties to viscose rayon fibers by in situ adding Ag/Ag2CO3 and Ag/Ag3PO4 NPs. Firstly, Ag2CO3 and Ag3PO4 NPs were precipitated via ultrasonic irradiation synthesis. Subsequently, Ag NPs were synthesized in situ by photoreduction of the excess Ag+ ions under UV-irradiation. The viscose rayon fibers decorated with Ag/Ag2CO3 and Ag/Ag3PO4 NPs showed excellent photocatalytic activity, and were protective against pathogenic microorganisms and UV radiation. Additionally, the modified viscose rayon fibers exhibited different colors ranging from pale yellow for Ag/Ag2CO3/viscose fibers to pale purple/violet for Ag/Ag3PO4/viscose fibers