NOTES TOWARD A MODEL FOR THE STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

This paper reviews two formulations of some structural aspects of knowledge systems. These two structural specifications of knowledge systems, by Judith Willer and by Norwood Russell Hanson, are then combined to suggest a model for relating several "ideal type" knowledge systems. Some tentative descriptions of these knowledge systems are given. The paper concludes by suggesting that scientific systems involve a particular combination of two of the systems and that sociology of knowledge and cognitive psychology have clear roles in the theoretical development of such a model.http://web.ku.edu/~starjrn

Advances in structure elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry

The structural elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry plays an important role in modern life sciences and bioanalytical approaches. This review covers different soft and hard ionization techniques and figures of merit for modern mass spectrometers, such as mass resolving power, mass accuracy, isotopic abundance accuracy, accurate mass multiple-stage MS(n) capability, as well as hybrid mass spectrometric and orthogonal chromatographic approaches. The latter part discusses mass spectral data handling strategies, which includes background and noise subtraction, adduct formation and detection, charge state determination, accurate mass measurements, elemental composition determinations, and complex data-dependent setups with ion maps and ion trees. The importance of mass spectral library search algorithms for tandem mass spectra and multiple-stage MS(n) mass spectra as well as mass spectral tree libraries that combine multiple-stage mass spectra are outlined. The successive chapter discusses mass spectral fragmentation pathways, biotransformation reactions and drug metabolism studies, the mass spectral simulation and generation of in silico mass spectra, expert systems for mass spectral interpretation, and the use of computational chemistry to explain gas-phase phenomena. A single chapter discusses data handling for hyphenated approaches including mass spectral deconvolution for clean mass spectra, cheminformatics approaches and structure retention relationships, and retention index predictions for gas and liquid chromatography. The last section reviews the current state of electronic data sharing of mass spectra and discusses the importance of software development for the advancement of structure elucidation of small molecules

Kansas Journal of Sociology, Volume 6, Number 2 (SUMMER, 1970): Book Review

Review of George J. McCall, Micheal M. McCall, Norman K. Denzin, Gerald D. Suttles, and Suzanne B. Kurth's "Social Relationships"http://web.ku.edu/~starjrn