일본 정부의 대한국 경제 제재의 배경 및 한일경제 상호의존에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2020. 8. 박철희.Liberalists have long claimed that economic interdependence promotes interstate peace while its validity has been questioned by scholars of other schools. Korea-Japan relations before July 1, 2019 used to be a good case to endorse liberalists argument. Despite continuous diplomatic, historical and nationalistic antagonism, Korea and Japan have not been sacrificing their economic cooperation. However, Japanese government has taken an unconventional policy decision on July 1, 2019. Many observers evaluated that Korea-Japan relations have been the worst ever recently especially due to the Koreas Supreme Court ruling to order compensations for the wartime forced labour victims. This thesis aims to explain Japanese governments extraordinary behaviour using the concept of interdependence posed by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. Impacts of the economic sanctions and Koreas reaction to the sanctions are examined with three behavioural patterns of organisation members suggested by Albert Hirschman; Exit, Voice and Royalty. Analysis suggests that Japan has intended to disturb Vulnerability of Korea in the semiconductor industry in order to induce its compromise on the wartime forced labour issue. Due to Japans dominance in the semiconductor components market and Koreas dependence on Japanese materials, Japan itself presumed that it holds Sensitivity in the industry. However, detailed observation showed that the sanctions were not the best choice to seriously damage the Korean semiconductor and display industry. The sanctions were not imposed on items that are used for key products of Korean semiconductor industry. In addition, Japanese companies made their best efforts in order not to lose their Korean customers by establishing subsidiaries or factories or negotiating with Korean semiconductor manufacturers. As a result, the sanctions imposed back in July 2019 did not critically hit the Korean economy. The unintended results of sanctions were Japanese firms behaviours to remain in the global semiconductor supply chain in response to Samsung and SK Hynixs supply diversifications. The most meaningful impact of Japans economic sanctions was observed in the global semiconductor supply chain. Samsung and SK Hynix has diversified sources of semiconductor materials, which led to the smaller existence of Japanese companies and increasing influence of Korean and other foreign enterprises. Despite desperate efforts of Japanese firms, Korean semiconductor producers eventually partly exited Japans export market. Korea has continuously voiced their dissents to the sanctions while expanding domestic production and finding non-Japanese trade partners. Domestic chemical producers and foreign suppliers took it as their opportunity to provide their products with global semiconductor giants such as Samsung and SK Hynix.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review 6 1. Economic Interdependence 6 2. Economic Sanctions 8 3. Issue Linkage 9 4. Issues of the Existing Literatures 10 III. Research Background and Research Questions 11 1. Research Background 11 2. Research Questions 17 IV. Model 19 1. Existing Perspectives 19 2. Analytical Framework 20 3. Hypotheses 22 V. Background of Japans Economic Sanctions on Korea 27 1. Structure of Korea-Japan Economic Interdependence in the Semiconductor Industry 27 2. Japans Export Control System 29 3. Details of the Economic Sanctions 33 4. The Three Strategic Items Targeted 35 5. The Puzzle of Sudden Economic Sanctions ; Pinpoint Attack on Koreas Sensitivity and its Results 39 VI. Issue-linkage: from Direct to Indirect Linkage 42 VII. Impacts of Japans Economic Sanctions 49 1. Predictions Made by Experts 49 2. Short-term Impacts 51 3. Long-Term Impacts : Diversification of the Global Supply Chain 54 4. Voice, Partly Exit, Loyalty? 59 VIII. Implications 61 IX. Conclusion 63 Bibliography 65Maste

The relation between the type of antenna pigments of dominant cyanobacteria and the ambient stratification condition in reservoirs.

We found from field observation data in two reservoirs that the hydraulic state affect the type of antenna pigments of dominant cyanobacteria. To clarify the processes of this phenomenon, we analyzed theoretically the effects of hydraulic states on phytoplankton community based on characteristics of absorption by antennna pigments and underwater light regime. By theoretical analysis we found that phycocyanin-rich cyanobacteria (PC-type) favor shallow stable stratification based on the relationship between the absorption characteristics of antenna pigment and red light penetrative ooptical condition. Furthermore, this hypothesis can also explain the growth condition of bloom forming cyanobacteria. This stratification condition can be estimated as the critical buoyancy frequency(N²cr). This hypothesis is verified using field data.Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 2: 97-103(2004)departmental bulletin pape

Climate Change Demands Adaptive Management of Urban Lakes: Model-Based Assessment of Management Scenarios for Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany)

Lakes are known to be strongly affected by climate change as a result of their sensitivity to atmospheric forcing. The combined response of urban lakes to climatic changes and to urbanization of the catchment may be further altered by water quality management measures. We studied Lake Tegel in Berlin, Germany as a representative urban lake profoundly influenced by intense water management measures and a resulting complex hydrodynamic situation: Lake Tegel is fed by nutrient-rich river discharges and effluents from a phosphorus elimination plant (PEP). We estimated changes in water temperatures, the Wedderburn number, and the buoyancy frequency, as well as concentrations of dissolved oxygen and phosphate under climate change using a one-dimensional vertical hydrodynamic model coupled to a water quality model. Further, we investigated how four management scenarios with varying discharges of the PEP could affect the lake system. In all simulations, water temperatures increased and summer stratification extended. The modeling results demonstrated that the water management system buffers the high nutrient supply from the river inflow and can effectively mitigate negative effects of climate change on Lake Tegel, thus highlighting its importance for the lake ecosystem.DFG, 248198858, GRK 2032: Grenzzonen in urbanen Wassersysteme

Effects of the Ambient Stratification Condition in Eutrophicated Reservoirs on the Type of Antenna Pigments of Dominant Cyanobacteria

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Protection of mice from LPS-induced shock by CD14 antisense oligonucleotide.

CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor on myeloid cells and plays a pivotal role in an innate immune system that is responsible for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, can induce production of a large quantity of proinflammatory cytokines into the circulation mediated by CD14-mediated macrophages and monocytes. These cytokines eventually cause septic shock. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that suppression of a CD14 function by a CD14 antibody led to an inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8. In the present study, we found that CD14 antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) can prevent lethal LPS shock in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. This ODN inhibited CD14 expression in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and suppressed production of TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we designed a consensus antisense ODN that could hybridize human and mouse CD14 RNA, and we evaluated its efficacy. The consensus antisense ODN rescued mice primed with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) from the LPS-induced lethal shock. In this model, the CD14 antisense ODN down-regulated LPS-elicited CD14 expression in the liver, resulting in a decrease in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production. These findings suggest that the CD14 antisense ODN is distributed in the liver and efficiently suppresses LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by reducing CD14 expression on Kupffer cells. This CD14 antisense ODN may be useful for the development of a therapeutic agent against sepsis and septic shock.</p

Ocular manifestations and pathology of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), endemic in defined geographical areas around the world, is recognized as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or HTLV-1. ATL is a rare adult onset T-cell malignancy that is characterized by the presence of ATL flower cells with T-cell markers, HTLV-1 antibodies in the serum, and monoclonal integration of HTLV-1 provirus in affected cells. Ocular manifestations associated with HTLV-1 virus infection have been reported and include HTLV-1 uveitis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, but reports of ocular involvement in ATL are exceedingly rare. This article describes the ocular manifestations and pathology of ATL. We also report for the first time a case of a 34-year-old male with systemic ATL and prominent atypical lymphoid cell infiltration in the choroid. To our knowledge, this is the first report defining prominent choroidal involvement as a distinct ocular manifestation of ATL. ATL may masquerade as a variety of other conditions, and molecular techniques involving microdissection and PCR have proven to be critical diagnostic tools. International collaboration will be needed to better understand the presentation and diagnosis of this rare malignancy

Embedding Learning Assistance into First-Year Seminars to Understand Students’ Needs for a Smooth Transition

This article demonstrates the benefits of embedding learning assistance into first-year seminars which will collect information from the students to provide assistance that best meets their learning needs in Japan. Whereas American universities already have demographic and academic data on their students from grade school through high school, Japanese institutions are just beginning to collect this data. Data collected from former student surveys help us understand first-year students as a collective body. However, providing certain students with the specific assistance and support they need is still a challenge. To solve this problem, first the weekly journal entries of the students enrolled in the first-year seminar program at Shinshu University over the last four years were analyzed. Students’ needs were discovered and that they consistently change every three to four weeks throughout their first semester. This suggests that proactively providing assistance to meet students’ needs when they need it is a more preferable strategy than waiting for them to fail and ask for assistance voluntarily. Providing students incentives for utilizing assistance programs is also useful. Second, instructors of first-year seminars meet with all students individually to provide writing assistance. This gives instructors a better understanding of their students other challenges which need addressing, then instructors can direct students to appropriate campus resources. Often times students don’t know what their needs are until it’s too late, but this first-year seminar program helps students recognize their needs early and utilize appropriate assistance programs. At the same time, we can collect individual students’ information for institutional research.本研究は，科研費（16K04463）の助成を受けて行われた

A New Evaluation Method of Contact Area at Interface Between Pulsed Surface Discharge and Water

The authors propose a new method for evaluating the contact area of a surface discharge on water by analyzing the resistance of water solution. This method supplements optical observations of light emissions and the Schlieren method. The contact area was modeled as a disk electrode, and the theoretical resistance of water was calculated under the assumption of a mutual similarity between the current and electrostatic fields. A simulated electrostatic field was calculated using a common charge-simulation method. The experimental values of the resistance of water were obtained by dividing the measured voltage drop at water by the measured current. The contact area evaluation was performed by comparing the experimental and theoretical resistance values. The contact area increases with increasing the applied voltage and is practically independent of water depth

Streamer Branching and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Surface Discharge on Water Under Different Pulsed Voltages

Complexity of branching pattern and OH production of water surface discharges was investigated by comparing nanosecond water surface discharge (NWSD) and microsecond water surface discharges (MWSDs) that were defined as NWSD and MWSD, respectively. Experimental and analyzed results between NWSD and MWSD under comparable maximum discharge length l d are summarized as follows: 1) NWSD showed the greatest complexity of branching pattern by fractal analysis; 2) electron density of NWSD was approximately two times greater than MWSD and both orders were 10 -17 cm -3 ; 3) emission intensity of OH (A-X) from MWSD was greater than NWSD; 4) rotational temperature of NWSD was almost constant around 1000 K irrespective of l d and rotational temperature of MWSD increased with increasing l d ranging from 2000 to 4000 K. It was found that the complexity of discharge pattern on water may be affected by the field intensity at water/air boundary. OH production was presumed to be caused by thermal dissociation in this experimental condition