TRENDS IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE MILITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEX INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

The article examines current trends in the development of the global market of military-technical products. The author draws attention to the steady growth dynamics of purchases of military-industrial products in the world. The article describes key global trends in the development of promising innovative developments of dual-use goods. Since the end of the Cold War, global military research and development (R & D) has found itself in a situation of declining demand for its products. During this period, there was a reduction in military spending in the former Soviet Union and in many other countries. The United States of America has become the undisputed leader in the global market of the military-industrial complex (MIC). The author analyzed the dynamics of us spending in the late 1990s and early 2000s and showed in tables the increase in the gap in spending on the US military-industrial complex and the rest of the world. The article says that some of the civilian R & D is funded from private sources, because large companies have sufficient budgets to finance R & D. In general, the differences between civilian and military production lines have decreased – there is a trend of dual use of products. The author emphasizes that due to the increase in the share of civilian R & D, military R & D has undergone major structural changes in most countries. The study tracks changes in customer priorities in the military-industrial sector, the emergence of new, relevant products and services. The article examines the current trend of involving civilian producers in the development of Defense and security policies, cooperation with defense institutions and non-governmental organizations. The dynamism of scientific and technological progress requires monitoring the competitive positions of national producers in the military-industrial complex sector. The article also analyzes promising areas and key future trends in the development of the global military-industrial complex market.The article examines current trends in the development of the global market of military-technical products. The author draws attention to the steady growth dynamics of purchases of military-industrial products in the world. The article describes key global trends in the development of promising innovative developments of dual-use goods. Since the end of the Cold War, global military research and development (R & D) has found itself in a situation of declining demand for its products. During this period, there was a reduction in military spending in the former Soviet Union and in many other countries. The United States of America has become the undisputed leader in the global market of the military-industrial complex (MIC). The author analyzed the dynamics of us spending in the late 1990s and early 2000s and showed in tables the increase in the gap in spending on the US military-industrial complex and the rest of the world. The article says that some of the civilian R & D is funded from private sources, because large companies have sufficient budgets to finance R & D. In general, the differences between civilian and military production lines have decreased – there is a trend of dual use of products. The author emphasizes that due to the increase in the share of civilian R & D, military R & D has undergone major structural changes in most countries. The study tracks changes in customer priorities in the military-industrial sector, the emergence of new, relevant products and services. The article examines the current trend of involving civilian producers in the development of Defense and security policies, cooperation with defense institutions and non-governmental organizations. The dynamism of scientific and technological progress requires monitoring the competitive positions of national producers in the military-industrial complex sector. The article also analyzes promising areas and key future trends in the development of the global military-industrial complex market

Interplay of bulk and interface effects in the electric-field driven transition in magnetite

Contact effects in devices incorporating strongly-correlated electronic materials are comparatively unexplored. We have investigated the electrically-driven phase transition in magnetite (100) thin films by four-terminal methods. In the lateral configuration, the channel length is less than 2 $\mu$m, and voltage-probe wires $\sim$100 nm in width are directly patterned within the channel. Multilead measurements quantitatively separate the contributions of each electrode interface and the magnetite channel. We demonstrate that on the onset of the transition contact resistances at both source and drain electrodes and the resistance of magnetite channel decrease abruptly. Temperature dependent electrical measurements below the Verwey temperature indicate thermally activated transport over the charge gap. The behavior of the magnetite system at a transition point is consistent with a theoretically predicted transition mechanism of charge gap closure by electric field.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, to appear in PR

Nanogaps with very large aspect ratios for electrical measurements

For nanoscale electrical characterization and device fabrication it is often desirable to fabricate planar metal electrodes separated by large aspect ratio gaps with interelectrode distances well below 100 nm. We demonstrate a self-aligned process to accomplish this goal using a thin Cr film as a sacrificial etch layer. The resulting gaps can be as small as 10 nm and have aspect ratios exceeding 1000, with excellent interelectrode isolation. Such Ti/Au electrodes are demonstrated on Si substrates and are used to examine a voltage-driven transition in magnetite nanostructures. This shows the utility of this fabrication approach even with relatively reactive substrates.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

The origin of hysteresis in resistive switching in magnetite is Joule heating

In many transition metal oxides the electrical resistance is observed to undergo dramatic changes induced by large biases. In magnetite, Fe$_3$O$_4$, below the Verwey temperature, an electric field driven transition to a state of lower resistance was recently found, with hysteretic current-voltage response. We report the results of pulsed electrical conduction measurements in epitaxial magnetite thin films. We show that while the high- to low-resistance transition is driven by electric field, the hysteresis observed in $I-V$ curves results from Joule heating in the low resistance state. The shape of the hysteresis loop depends on pulse parameters, and reduces to a hysteresis-free "jump" of the current provided thermal relaxation is rapid compared to the time between voltage pulses. A simple relaxation time thermal model is proposed that captures the essentials of the hysteresis mechanism.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Statistical distribution of the electric field-driven switching of the Verwey state in Fe3O4

The insulating state of magnetite (Fe3O4) can be disrupted by a sufficiently large dc electric field. Pulsed measurements are used to examine the kinetics of this transition. Histograms of the switching voltage show a transition width that broadens as the temperature is decreased, consistent with trends seen in other systems involving “unpinning” in the presence of disorder. The switching distributions are also modified by an external magnetic field on a scale comparable to that required to reorient the magnetization

ОБ’ЄКТИВНІ ТА СУБ’ЄКТИВНІ ЧИННИКИ ФОРМУВАННЯ КРЕДИТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ БАНКІВ УКРАЇНИ

The article explores the nature of credit policy of banks and analyzed a set of factors that determine its formation in Ukraine.To ensure the most effective credit activity organization, banks determine and implement their own credit policies, taking into account the potential opportunities and the range of risks (internal and external), that effects on its effectiveness.Credit policy is a complicated, multifaceted, structured phenomenon. The successful formation of the Bank’s credit policy and its successful implementation depends on many factors of the external and internal environment. That’s why the authors proposed the distribution of all factors (that arise in the external and internal environment of banks) on objective and subjective.Objective factors include those circumstances or conditions that exist or appear independently of the person’s will. To subjective factors belongs to a set of factors individually personal influence of people (personnel, customers, officials, etc.).After conducting the research, the authors proposed the following classification of objective and subjective factors for the formation of bank lending policies for groups and subgroups:objective factors of the environment: global, macroeconomic, mezoeconomic;objective factors of the internal environment: organizational and structural, informational and technological, financial and economic;subjective factors of the environment: global, macroeconomic, mezoeconomic;subjective factors of the internal environment: managerial staff. Within selected groups, factors are specified.Thus, the bank’s credit policy is formed under influence of the combination of objective and subjective factors, which are determined by different levels of management and create the preconditions for bank’s effective lending activities and minimizing of credit risk.Исследована и проанализирована совокупность факторов, влияющих на формирование кредитной политики банков Украины. Предложено распределение факторов, которые возникают во внешней и внутренней среде банков, на объективные и субъективные. В то же время объективные и субъективные факторы структурируются по различным уровням хозяйствования и создают предпосылки для эффективной кредитной деятельности банка.Досліджено сутність кредитної політики банків і проаналізовано сукупність чинників, які впливають на її формування в Україні.Для забезпечення найбільш ефективної організації кредитної діяльності банки визначають і впроваджують власну кредитну політику з урахуванням потенційних можливостей та діапазону ризиків (внутрішніх і зовнішніх), що впливають на її ефективність.Кредитна політика є складним, багатогранним, структурованим явищем, успішне формування і вдала реалізація якої залежить від великої кількості чинників. Саме тому запропоновано розподіл усіх чинників (що виникають у зовнішньому і внутрішньому середовищі банків) на об’єктивні і суб’єктивні. Своєю чергою, об’єктивні і суб’єктивні чинники структуруються за різними рівнями господарювання і створюють передумови для ефективної кредитної діяльності банку.Об’єктивні чинники включають ті обставини чи умови, які існують або з’являються незалежно від волі людини. До суб’єктивних чинників належить ті, які виникають унаслідок індивідуального особистого впливу людей (персонал, замовники, посадові особи тощо).Провівши дослідження, запропоновано таку класифікацію об’єктивних і суб’єктивних чинників формування політики банківського кредитування за такими групами і підгрупами:об’єктивні чинники середовища: глобальні, макроекономічні, мезоекономічні;об’єктивні чинники внутрішнього середовища: організаційні та структурні, інформаційні та технологічні, фінансові та економічні;суб’єктивні чинники навколишнього середовища: глобальний, макроекономічний, мезоекономічний;суб’єктивні чинники внутрішнього середовища: управлінський персонал.Таким чином, кредитна політика банку формується під впливом комбінації об’єктивних і суб’єктивних чинників, які визначаються різними рівнями управління та створюють передумови для ефективної кредитної діяльності банку і мінімізації кредитного ризику

Field effect enhancement in buffered quantum nanowire networks

III-V semiconductor nanowires have shown great potential in various quantum transport experiments. However, realizing a scalable high-quality nanowire-based platform that could lead to quantum information applications has been challenging. Here, we study the potential of selective area growth by molecular beam epitaxy of InAs nanowire networks grown on GaAs-based buffer layers. The buffered geometry allows for substantial elastic strain relaxation and a strong enhancement of field effect mobility. We show that the networks possess strong spin-orbit interaction and long phase coherence lengths with a temperature dependence indicating ballistic transport. With these findings, and the compatibility of the growth method with hybrid epitaxy, we conclude that the material platform fulfills the requirements for a wide range of quantum experiments and applications

Sequential Electron Transport and Vibrational Excitations in an Organic Molecule Coupled to Few-Layer Graphene Electrodes

Graphene electrodes are promising candidates to improvereproducibility and stability in molecular electronics through new electrode−molecule anchoring strategies. Here we report sequentialelectron transport in few-layer graphene transistors containing individualcurcuminoid-based molecules anchored to the electrodes via π −π orbital bonding. We show the coexistence of inelastic co-tunneling excitations with single-electron transport physics due to an intermediate molecule−electrode coupling; we argue that an intermediate electron−phononcoupling is the origin of these vibrational-assisted excitations. Theseexperimental observations are complemented with density functionaltheory calculations to model electron transport and the interaction between electrons and vibrational modes of thecurcuminoid molecule. We find that the calculated vibrational modes of the molecule are in agreement with theexperimentally observed excitation

Electrically-driven phase transition in magnetite nanostructures

Magnetite (Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$), an archetypal transition metal oxide, has been used for thousands of years, from lodestones in primitive compasses[1] to a candidate material for magnetoelectronic devices.[2] In 1939 Verwey[3] found that bulk magnetite undergoes a transition at T$_{V}$ $\approx$ 120 K from a high temperature "bad metal" conducting phase to a low-temperature insulating phase. He suggested[4] that high temperature conduction is via the fluctuating and correlated valences of the octahedral iron atoms, and that the transition is the onset of charge ordering upon cooling. The Verwey transition mechanism and the question of charge ordering remain highly controversial.[5-11] Here we show that magnetite nanocrystals and single-crystal thin films exhibit an electrically driven phase transition below the Verwey temperature. The signature of this transition is the onset of sharp conductance switching in high electric fields, hysteretic in voltage. We demonstrate that this transition is not due to local heating, but instead is due to the breakdown of the correlated insulating state when driven out of equilibrium by electrical bias. We anticipate that further studies of this newly observed transition and its low-temperature conducting phase will shed light on how charge ordering and vibrational degrees of freedom determine the ground state of this important compound.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure