REVISANDO EL ENFOQUE DE LAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EN SALUD MENTAL: EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR PSICOSOCIAL ENTRE LOS JÓVENES DE CONTEXTO URBANO Y RURAL

En México existen artículos en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicano, así como leyes complementarias, que establecen derechos sociales a todos los mexicanos. Dado los limitados recursos existentes, se han tenido que generar leyes que marquen prioridad de atención sobre aquellos grupos de población que sean más vulnerables como las personas que viven en pobreza extrema o, por grupos de edad, los niños/as y jóvenes. Uno de los derechos que requieren de esa distinción es el derecho a la salud y, particularmente, a la salud mental. El presente trabajo hace una reflexión del estado de las políticas públicas entorno a la salud mental, partiendo de sus bases conceptuales y evaluando su coherencia con sus objetivos y estrategias de acción. Se propone a su vez, llevar a cabo un cambio de enfoque que aplique de manera más fiel la conceptualización de la salud mental como un estado de bienestar con las características que la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha determinado. Para mostrar las ventajas que esto traería a la evaluación del desarrollo regional y sus desigualdades, se lleva a cabo un diagnóstico de la salud mental desde el bienestar psicosocial de los jóvenes estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de la Costa Norte de Jalisco, dicho diagnóstico incluye variables individuales, familiares, escolares y comunitarias. A partir de sus resultados se logran conclusiones que ponen en evidencia las desigualdades dentro de la misma región, las necesidades prioritarias de salud mental de ciertos grupos de jóvenes y, finalmente, los aportes puntuales que una evaluación integral de la salud mental harían a la creación de políticas públicas según las necesidades particulares de una comunidad

Estudo das glândulas salivares de fêmeas e de machos de carrapatos Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae): caracterização do ciclo secretor com ênfase no processo de degenaração

As glândulas salivares de carrapatos fêmeas: em jejum, com dois e quatro dias de alimentação (em ingurgitamento), alimentadas (ingurgitadas), com três e sete dias pós-alimentação (pós-ingurgitamento); e de machos: em jejum, com dois, quatro e sete dias de infestação e com três e sete dias pós-remoção do hospedeiro, da espécie Rhipicephalus sanguineus, foram analisadas morfológica, histoquímica e citoquimicamente. Nas fêmeas elas são compostas pelos ácinos I (agranulares), II e III (granulares), e nos machos pelos ácinos I (agranulares), II, III e IV (granulares). Em ambos os sexos também foram observados ácinos Indeterminados, assim chamados devido ao processo degenerativo onde perderam suas características e não puderam ser identificados. Histologicamente os ácinos do tipo I sempre apresentaram uma célula central maior e várias periféricas menores, os do tipo II nas fêmeas apresentaram células indiferenciadas, indefinidas 1 e 2, a, b e c1 a c6 e nos machos as indiferenciadas, indefinidas 1 e 2, a, b e c1 a c8, tendo sido as indiferenciadas, as indefinidas 1 e 2 e as c5 a c8 descritas pela primeira vez. As células aqui denominadas de indeterminadas foram observadas nos ácinos II em estágio de degeneração. Os ácinos do tipo III apresentaram as células d, e e f e os do tipo IV células g. Quanto ao estágio, durante todo o processo de alimentação, tanto nas fêmeas quanto nos machos, os ácinos I sofreram apenas alterações no tamanho. Nos ácinos II de fêmeas em jejum apenas as células indiferenciadas, indefinidas 1 e 2 e a, c1 e c3 foram observadas; nos ácinos III os três tipos descritos estavam presentes. Nos machos em jejum os ácinos II e III tinham as mesmas características observadas nas fêmeas em jejum. Nos ácinos IV todas as células (g) estavam pouco ativas. Com o iniciar da alimentação, as glândulas passaram...The salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus were analyzed morphologically, histochemically and cytochemicallt at the following conditions: unfed, two and four-day fed, engorged females and females at day three and seven post-engorgement; and unfed males and males at day two, four and seven days post-attachment, and at day three and seven post-detachment from the rabbits. In females, these glands consist of types I (agranular), II and III (granular) acini and in males, of types I (agranular), II, III and IV (granular) acini. In both sexes, Indeterminate acini were also observed, which due to the degeneration process, have lost their characteristics and could not be identified. Histologically, type I acinus always exhibited a large central cell and several smaller peripheral ones. In females, type II acini are composed of undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2, a, b and c1-c6 ; and in males, undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2, a, b and c1-c8, with undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2, and c5-c8 being described here for the first time. The cells termed in this study as indeterminate were observed in degenerating type II acini. Type III acinus exhibited cells d, e and f, while type IV acini, cells g. Regarding the feeding stage, throughout the entire process, in females as well as males, type I acinus only underwent changes in size. In type II acinus of unfed females, only undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2 and a, c1, and c3 cells were observed, while in type III acinus, the three cell types described were present. In unfed males, type II and III acini exhibited the same characteristics observed in unfed females. In type IV acinus, all cells (g) were little active. With the start of feeding, glands began to secrete actively. In two-day fed females, all cell types were observed in type II acinus, except cells types undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Cell Death in Salivary Glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) Females at Semi-engorged Feeding Stage

The ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females is described during feeding. In beginning of feeding, individuals show acini I with many mitochondria and wide basal labyrinth in peripheral cells; glycoprotein granules only in b and c(3) cells (acini II); and epithelial interstitial cells with developed basal labyrinth between f cells (acini III). Semi-engorged females show cells in degeneration, with autophagic vacuoles, lysosomes, myelin figures, and irregular, condensed, and/or fragmented nuclei, in addition to apoptotic bodies. R. B. microplus points to apoptosis in these organs before the detachment from the host, in contrast to others tick species.</.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Degeneration of salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study examined the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at days 0, 3, and 7 post-detachment from the host. Degeneration of this organ occurred in the three stages and it advanced as time away from the host progressed. Thus, characteristics of degeneration were more prominent in males at day 7 post-detachment than in males at day 0 post-detachment. In males at day 0 post-detachment, type I acini were intact; while in other stages these acini exhibited signs of degeneration. In type 11 acini of individuals at day 0 post-detachment, cells a, c1-c5, c8, and indeterminate were identified. Only c I and c8 were intact. The remaining cell types were undergoing degeneration, as well as all cells d-f in type III acini, and all g in type IV acini.In males at day 3 post-detachment from the host, all cells (a, c1-c5, c8 and indeterminate) of type 11 acini, cells d and e in type III acini, and g in type IV were undergoing degeneration. In some Indeterminate acini, the boundaries of cells still could be distinguished, while in others, only a cytoplasmic mass was observed. At day 3 post-detachment, apoptotic bodies were present.In males at day 7 post-detachment from the host, the degeneration process progressed. All cells a, cl, c3-c5, c8 and indeterminate in type II, and d and e in type III acini were undergoing degeneration. Type IV acini still contained remnants of secretion and in Indeterminate acini, only a cytoplasmic mass could be observed. At this stage, apoptotic bodies were also present.The present study still revealed that cells of salivary glands of R. sanguineus males when degenerating undergo the following changes: (a) decrease in secretion production with or without granule breakage, (b) changes in nuclear morphology, (c) cytoplasm shrinkage, (d) loss of cell shape, (e) loss of cell boundaries, and (e) cytoplasmic vacuolation. Together, these changes result in cell fragmentation with release of apoptotic bodies. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Morpho-histochemical characterization of salivary gland cells of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) at different feeding stages: description of new cell types

This study describes the changes undergone by cells of the salivary glands of unfed and feeding (at day two and four post-attachment) Rhipicephalus sanguineus males, as well as new cell types. In unfed males, types I and II acini are observed with cells undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2 (the latter, with atypical granules), a, c1 and c3; type III is composed of cells d and e; and type IV present cells g. In males at day two post-attachment, type I acini exhibit the same morphology of unfed individuals. An increase in size is observed in types II, III, and IV, as cells are filled with secretion granules. Some granules are still undergoing maturation. In type II acinus, cells a, b and c1-c8 are observed. Cells c7 and c8 are described for the first time. Cells c7 are termed as such due to the addition of polysaccharides in the composition of the secretion granules (in unfed individuals, they are termed undefined 1). Type III acini exhibit cells d and e completely filled with granules, and in type IV, cells g contain granules in several stages of maturation. In males at day four post-attachment, type I acini do not exhibit changes. Granular acini exhibit cells with fewer secretion granules, which are already mature. In type II acini, cells a, b, c1-c5 are present, type III exhibit cells d and e, and type IV contain cells g with little or no secretion. This study shows that in the salivary glands of R. sanguineus males, cells a, c1, and c3 of type II acinus, and cells d and e of type III do not exhibit changes in granular content, remaining continuously active during the entire feeding period. This indicates that during the intervals among feeding stages, gland cells reacquire the same characteristics found in unfed individuals, suggesting that they undergo reprogramming to be active in the next cycle

Histochemistry and Protein Profile of The Venom Glands of Workers of Neoponera villosa Ants (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae)

Cytochemical and histochemical tests applied to the venom glands of Neoponera villosa worker ants showed the presence of specific elements, such as lipids, polysaccharides (including glycogen), total protein, RNA, DNA and nucleolus organized regions (NORs). It was observed that protein is the most abundant element, since all portions of the gland reacted with strong positivity to the bromophenol blue test, especially the secretion, revealing the protein characteristics of the venom. Lipids were also present throughout the majority of the venom glands. The polysaccharides were more evident within the cells of the convoluted gland. The secretion, meanwhile, showed a weak positive reaction to this test. Despite the large number of protein elements in the secretion, was observed that the protein is not always in free form and is often associated with other elements, probably forming complexes. Tests to demonstrate RNA, DNA and NORs showed intense cell activity along the different portions of the gland and showed different stages of cell cycles. Tests for the dosage of protein in individuals collected in the summer (February-March) and winter (August-September) showed that there are differences in the total concentration of protein in the glands. Proteins with different molecular weights were detected in the final secreted product.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Death by apoptosis in salivary glands of females of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari : Ixodidae)

The salivary glands of females of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus at three feeding stages: unfed, engorged, and at day three post-engorgement, were subjected to cytochemical methods of enzymatic analysis and cell viability. Comparing glands at these stages, was observed distinct staining patterns in cells of different types of acini, specially in degenerating types III, II, I, which were affected in this sequence by cell death. This study also revealed changes in: nuclei, staining intensity for acid phosphatase and ATPase activities, and permeability of the plasma membrane. Acid phosphatase activity was inversely proportional to that of ATPase, while ATPase activity was always proportional to membrane integrity. The glands of unfed females exhibited high metabolic activity and cells with intact nucleus and plasma membrane, suggesting that the presence of acid phosphatase detected in these individuals may participate in the normal physiology of some acini, as they were not undergoing degeneration. In acini I and II of engorged females, we observed cells with intact membranes, as well as changes characterized by nuclear changes, decrease in ATPase activity, and stronger acid phosphatase activity. At day three post-engorgement, degeneration progressed to more advanced stages, loss of membrane integrity was observed in most cells (of some type I acini, most type II acini, and all type III acini), as well as prominent nuclear changes, decrease in ATPase activity, and intense acid phosphatase activity, resulting in apoptotic bodies. During the death of cells nuclear changes preceded cytoplasmic ones in the following sequence: nuclear changes, loss of ATPase activity, loss of integrity of the plasma membrane, increase in acid phosphatase activity, and formation of apoptotic bodies. The presence of acid phosphatase with a secondary role (late) during cell death, degrading final cell remnants, characterized this process in the glands of R. sanguineus females as atypical or non-classic apoptosis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear changes detected cytochemically during the degeneration of salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study reports cytochemistry data about salivary glands of females (unfed, engorged, and at day three post-engorgement) and males (unfed, at day seven post-attachment, and at days three and seven post-detachment from the host) of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The results revealed nuclear changes in engorged females and at day three post-engorgement, and in males in all stages (except unfed). These changes were more prominent in females. Cytoplasmic changes were also observed in cells of all acini of males and females.In types II and III acini of engorged females, nuclear changes were observed in the shape (irregular, with blebs, fragmenting or fragmented), size (enlarged or reduced), and arrangement and condensation level of chromatin (marginal or as blebs). Changes were also detected in nucleoli, regarding their shape (fragmenting or fragmented), size (enlarged), and location (central, marginal or as blebs). Some nucleoli were also compacted or disorganized. In females at day three pos-enuorgement, all acini exhibited similar changes to those observed in engorged females. RNA staining was stronger in cells of engorged females than those at day three post-engorgement.In males at day seven post-attachment, cells of types II, III, IV acini presented changes in the size of the nucleus and condensation level of chromatin similar to those of females. The shape of the nucleus was round, irregular or undergoing fragmentation, and the chromatin was located at the margin or throughout the nucleus. The changes in the nucleolus were similar to those of females, regarding size and organization, although round-shaped and in the central location. In males at day three post-detachment, cells of all acini exhibited nuclear changes similar to those of males at day seven post-attachment, in addition to the fragmentation of the nucleolus. At day seven post-detachment. changes were detected in all acini similar to the observed in males at day seven post-attachment. Regarding cytoplasmic RNA, staining was prominent in males at day seven post-attachment and weak in those at day seven post-detachment from the host.In females as well as males, different RNA staining patterns in the cytoplasm and nuclear changes characterized apoptotic cell death. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Markers of cell death in salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at stages: unfed (control), at day seven post-attachment, and at days three and seven post-detachment from the host were examined using methods of enzymatic analysis and cell viability. At these stages of feeding, different staining patterns were observed in the cells of type IV, III, II and I acini, which were affected by degeneration in this sequence. Acid phosphatase reaction was inversely proportional to that of ATPase, while ATPase reaction was proportional to membrane integrity.Salivary gland cells of unfed males exhibited intact nucleus and plasma membrane, suggesting that the acid phosphatase detected may participate in the normal physiology of acini. In males at day seven post-attachment, intact membranes were observed in almost all types of acini, as well as stronger reaction for acid phosphatase, nuclear changes, and decrease in ATPase reaction, changes associated with the degenerative process. At days three and seven post-detachment degeneration progress, being observed loss of membrane integrity, nuclear changes, prominent decrease in ATPase reaction, and an increase in acid phosphatase reaction in the first case and a decreased of it at day seven post-detachment from the host. During cell death, alterations occurred in the following sequence: a) nuclear changes, b) loss of ATPase reaction, c) loss of integrity of the plasma membrane, and d) increase of acid phosphatase. The latter might be associated with the late degradation of cytoplasmic remnants, characterizing the process of cell death in glands of R. sanguineus males as atypical or non-classic apoptosis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Salivary glands of Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae): a histological and an ultrastructural overview

The present study on the salivary glands of semi-engorged Amblyomma cajennense females has identified the various cell types present in this tissue and allowed its morphohistochemical characterization. Marking techniques were applied to detect polysaccharides (PAS), proteins (bromophenol blue), lipids (Nile blue) and calcium (von Kossa), as well as those of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained by TEM showed and confirmed that these individuals' glands are also formed by round acini that are connected to the common excretory duct through acinar and intermediate ducts. Histological data as well as ultrastructural ones showed that the glands are formed by types I, II and III acini. In this study with salivary glands polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and calcium were observed in the cytoplasm and/or cell secretion granules-both free or forming complexes, as the intensity of the marking varied according to the cell as well as the type of acini analyzed, showing the structural and functional complexity of the tick salivary glands, characteristics that give the multifunctional character to this organ.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq