Revisiting Metacognition and Metaliteracy in the ACRL Framework

In the early drafts of the Information Literacy Framework for Higher Education, metaliteracy and metacognition contributed several guiding principles in recognition of the fact that information literacy concepts need to reflect students\u27 roles as creators and participants in research and scholarship. The authors contend that diminution of metaliteracy and metacognition occurred during later revisions of the Framework and thus diminished the document\u27s usefulness as a teaching tool. This article highlights the value of metaliteracy and metacognition in order to support the argument that these concepts are critical to information literacy today, and that the language of these concepts should be revisited in the language of the Framework. Certainly metacognition and metaliteracy should be included in pedagogical strategies submitted to the newly launched ACRL Framework for Information Literacy Sandbox

Human Milk Feeding and Direct Breastfeeding Improve Outcomes for Infants With Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease: Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis of the NPC‐QIC Registry

Background Infants with single ventricle congenital heart disease undergo 3 staged surgeries/interventions, with risk for morbidity and mortality. We estimated the effect of human milk (HM) and direct breastfeeding on outcomes including necrotizing enterocolitis, infection‐related complications, length of stay, and mortality. Methods and Results We analyzed the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC‐QIC) registry (2016–2021), examining HM/breastfeeding groups during stage 1 and stage 2 palliations. We calculated propensity scores for feeding exposures, then fitted Poisson and logistic regression models to compare outcomes between propensity‐matched cohorts. Participants included 2491 infants (68 sites). Estimates for all outcomes were better in HM/breastfeeding groups. Infants fed exclusive HM before stage 1 palliation (S1P) had lower odds of preoperative necrotizing enterocolitis (odds ratio [OR], 0.37 [95% CI, 0.17–0.84]; P=0.017) and shorter S1P length of stay (rate ratio [RR], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.78–0.98]; P=0.027). During the S1P hospitalization, infants with high HM had lower odds of postoperative necrotizing enterocolitis (OR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.15–0.50]; P<0.001) and sepsis (OR, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.13–0.65]; P=0.003), and shorter S1P length of stay (RR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.66–0.86]; P<0.001). At stage 2 palliation, infants with any HM (RR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.69–0.97]; P=0.018) and any breastfeeding (RR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.57–0.89]; P=0.003) experienced shorter length of stay. Conclusions Infants with single ventricle congenital heart disease in high‐HM and breastfeeding groups experienced multiple significantly better outcomes. Given our findings of improved health, strategies to increase the rates of HM/breastfeeding in these patients should be implemented. Future research should replicate these findings with granular feeding data and in broader congenital heart disease populations, and should examine mechanisms (eg, HM components, microbiome) by which HM/breastfeeding benefits these infants