Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage cyclooxygenase 2 expression in colonic adenoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) expression in subepithelial macrophages of colorectal adenoma has been suggested as the first in a series of steps leading to colorectal tumorigenesis. We tested the hypothesis that chemokines released from human colorectal adenoma epithelium might be involved in COX‐2 expression in macrophages of the lamina propria. METHODS: Endoscopic samples of sporadic colorectal adenomas were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for chemokines involved in macrophage chemotaxis. Localisation of adenoma macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) and COX‐2 were determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of MCP‐1, in the presence or absence of celecoxib, on COX‐2 expression, and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release, were examined in human macrophages isolated from peripheral blood. RESULTS: MCP‐1 levels were markedly higher in adenoma with mild‐moderate dysplasia (129.7 (19.9) pg/mg protein) and severe dysplasia (227.9 (35.4) pg/mg protein) than in normal colonic mucosa (55.8 (4.2) pg/mg protein). Other chemokine levels, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)‐1α and MIP‐1β, and the chemokine regulated on activation of normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) did not vary significantly between adenoma and normal mucosa. MCP‐1 levels in both adenoma and normal colonic mucosa increased significantly three hours after tissue cultivation in vitro. MCP‐1 immunoreactivity was restricted to the adenoma epithelium, with no reactivity seen in adjacent normal epithelial cells. MCP‐1 stimulated COX‐2 expression and PGE(2) and VEGF release in human macrophages. Celecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, inhibited MCP‐1‐induced PGE(2) and VEGF release in macrophages. Addition of exogenous PGE(2) reversed this inhibitory effect on VEGF release, suggesting that MCP‐1 in adenoma epithelial cells might be involved in COX‐2 expression and subsequent macrophage activation. CONCLUSIONS: MCP‐1 in colorectal adenoma epithelial cells might be involved in macrophage migration and COX‐2 expression, leading to the subsequent development of colonic adenoma