Average monthly sea surface temperatures of the western North Atlantic ocean

This paper contains twelve charts of the North Atlantic Ocean west of the 60th meridian which show the average temperature of the surface water for each month of the year. Two additional charts show respectively the maximum and minimum values reached by the average temperature for any month. The next chart presents the yearly range, that is, the difference between the average temperature of the warmest and coldest months. The last chart of the series shows the depth of the virtually isothermal water during the summer and winter months

Annual variations in current speeds in the Gulf Stream system

The monthly resultant current speeds in ten segments of the Gulf Stream System are calculated from surface current data published by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. Marked annual variations in the current speeds are found in the Florida Current, in the Caribbean Sea, and in the Trade Wind areas. In other segments of the system the annual variations are not so well defined. The maximum current speeds occur during the summer in the southern segments of the Gulf Stream System and during the winter in the northern segments. The minimum speeds occur during the fall months throughout the system...

Accounting records of Quakers of West Falmouth, Massachusetts (1796-1860): An analysis

The village of West Falmouth, Massachusetts was settled in the 1660s by William Gifford and other Quakers who came there to avoid persecution. They lived relatively isolated from other settlers in the region. The accounting records of Prince Gifford, Jr. (1771-1853) and Prince Gifford Moore (1812-1885), descendants of William Gifford, are still in existence. This paper provides an analysis of these records, which reflect the simplicity, frugality, honesty, and equality of early West Falmouth Quakers. Littleton\u27s antecedents of double-entry bookkeeping are applied to explain the use of the single-entry system of accounting by West Falmouth Quakers during the same period that Philadelphia Quakers were using the double-entry system

Two Open-Ended, Experiential Learning Cases In Accounting

The rapidly changing environment in international business provides an excellent opportunity for instructors to design timely, adaptable, experiential learning, and open-ended cases. This paper presents and discusses how to prepare and use two such cases in the areas of bank accounting and international accounting.  The cases can be offered and re-offered until the subjects are no longer relevant or interesting.  The structured spreadsheets are easily adapted to other topics for other times and other classes, not just accounting classes.  These two cases have been used in online courses as well as traditional courses.&nbsp

Some recent developments in the study of the Gulf Stream

At Cape Hatteras the Gulf Stream leaves the Continental Slope, so that as far as the deep current is concerned its course is no longer confined. The current again approaches the Continental Shelf off Georges Bank and off the Grand Banks, hut in neither area does it flow normally along the Continental Slope as a river pressing against its bank. The band of water which separates the Gulf Stream from the Continental Shelf in the sector between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks is usually called slope water. The great body of water to the south and east of the Stream is known as the Sargasso Sea or Central Atlantic water

Bank Regulatory Reform In The United States: The Case Of Goldman And The Volcker Rule

This case is an ethics case.  The focus is on corporate governance in a major Wall Street bank, Goldman Sachs.  The case discusses what Congress has done in the past and what it may do in the future to prevent breaches in ethics relating to proprietary trading.  In response to the current financial crisis, Congress has proposed many changes for the banking industry and the proposals have gained momentum because of the SEC’s accusation of fraud at Goldman Sachs.  One piece of proposed legislation, endorsed by President Barack Obama and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Paul Volcker, is based on the Volcker Rule.  This rule would return the banking industry to the decades of the Glass-Steagall provisions of the Banking Act of 1933.  The Volcker Rule would reinstitute the separation of commercial and investment banking.&nbsp

Metropolitan Briefing Book, 2005

The Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies (IMS) was created to connect the resources of higher education to the issues and needs in the six-county, bi-state Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area (Clackamas, Clark, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties). We have included the IMS mission statement and roster of IMS board members in this publication to give readers a clear sense of who we are and how we serve the region. You can find out about all of our initiatives and download additional copies of this publication from our web site: www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS . The theme for this edition of the Metropolitan Briefing Book is Portland at the Crossroads. We chose this theme because the region is emerging from the recession, and we are observing changes in many of the factors that influence the everyday experiences of region\u27s citizens. Although we have become used to a certain pace of change, recessions tend to accelerate transformations, particularly those affecting the economy. Thus, the citizens of the Portland-Vancouver region find themselves adapting to changing expectations at work, learning to communicate with different kinds of people in their neighborhoods and workplaces, and dealing with a shifting array of social and economic challenges

Nansen-bottle stations at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55 (2008): 379-395, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.003.Nansen-bottle stations were occupied by ships and personnel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1931 to about 1981. Most of these data are in archives, but using them intelligently to depict the state of the ocean and to assess time changes in it requires knowing how the observations were made, what accuracies can be assigned to them, and generally how to approach them. This report describes the evolving methods on Woods Hole stations for measuring temperature, depth of observation, salinity, and dissolved-oxygen concentration, and for determining station position. Accuracies generally improved over time, although estimates from the early years are sparse, and even later there is indefiniteness. Analytical error is to be distinguished from sloppy sample collection and blunders. The routine for carrying out Nansen-bottle stations, from the 1950s through the 1970s, is reviewed

On the relationship between synoptic wintertime atmospheric variability and path shifts in the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Extension

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 22 (2009): 3177–3192, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2690.1.Coherent, large-scale shifts in the paths of the Gulf Stream (GS) and the Kuroshio Extension (KE) occur on interannual to decadal time scales. Attention has usually been drawn to causes for these shifts in the overlying atmosphere, with some built-in delay of up to a few years resulting from propagation of wind-forced variability within the ocean. However, these shifts in the latitudes of separated western boundary currents can cause substantial changes in SST, which may influence the synoptic atmospheric variability with little or no time delay. Various measures of wintertime atmospheric variability in the synoptic band (2–8 days) are examined using a relatively new dataset for air–sea exchange [Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Fluxes (OAFlux)] and subsurface temperature indices of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio path that are insulated from direct air–sea exchange, and therefore are preferable to SST. Significant changes are found in the atmospheric variability following changes in the paths of these currents, sometimes in a local fashion such as meridional shifts in measures of local storm tracks, and sometimes in nonlocal, broad regions coincident with and downstream of the oceanic forcing. Differences between the North Pacific (KE) and North Atlantic (GS) may be partly related to the more zonal orientation of the KE and the stronger SST signals of the GS, but could also be due to differences in mean storm-track characteristics over the North Pacific and North Atlantic.Support for this work from various grants [T. Joyce: NSF OCE-0424865; Y.-O. Kwon: The Grayce B. Kerr Fund and The Jessie B. Cox Endowed Fund; L.Yu: NOAA NA17RJ1223 and NASA Vector Wind Science Team through JPL Subcontract 1283726] is gratefully acknowledged

Impact of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the decadal variability of the Gulf Stream path and regional chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations

In this study, we show that the underlying physical driver for the decadal variability in the Gulf Stream (GS) path and the regional biogeochemical cycling is linked to the low frequency variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). There is a significant anticorrelation between AMOC variations and the meridional shifts of the GS path at decadal time scale in both observations and two Earth system models (ESMs). The chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in the GS region are found significantly correlated with the AMOC fingerprint and anticorrelated with the GS path at decadal time scale through coherent isopycnal changes in the GS front in the ESMs. Our results illustrate how changes in the large-scale ocean circulation, such as AMOC, are teleconnected with regional decadal physical and biogeochemical variations near the North American east coast. Such linkages are useful for predicting future physical and biogeochemical variations in this region