Verdet constant dispersion of magnesium fluoride for deep-ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet Faraday rotators

The Verdet constant dispersion in magnesium fluoride (MgF2) crystals was evaluated over a wavelength range of 190–300 nm. The Verdet constant was found to be 38.7 rad/(T·m) at a wavelength of 193 nm. These results were fitted using the diamagnetic dispersion model and the classical Becquerel formula. The fitted results can be used for the designing of suitable Faraday rotators at various wavelengths. These results indicate the possibility of using MgF2 as Faraday rotators not only in deep-ultraviolet regions, but also in vacuum-ultraviolet regions owing to its large bandgap

Effect of erbium concentration on the Verdet constant dispersion of LiY1.0-xErxF4 single crystal

The dispersion of the Verdet constant of LiY1.0-xErxF4 crystals was evaluated from 190 nm to 500 nm for different doping concentrations of Er ions. A 15% doping concentration yielded a high Verdet constant of 54.5 rad/(T·m) at 193 nm. This value can be explained by the contribution of the diamagnetic term associated with LiYF4 and the paramagnetic term of the Er ions. Although the LiYF4 crystal yielded a lower value of −36.6 rad/(T·m) at 193 nm from Er-doped LiYF4, it can be used in the vacuum–ultraviolet region because of its high transmittance at wavelengths longer than 120 nm

Trained innate lymphoid cells in allergic diseases

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) reside in peripheral tissues such as the lungs, skin, nasal cavity, and gut and provoke innate type 2 immunity against allergen exposure, parasitic worm infection, and respiratory virus infection by producing TH2 cytokines. Recent advances in understanding ILC2 biology revealed that ILC2s can be trained by IL-33 or allergic inflammation, are long-lived, and mount memorylike type 2 immune responses to any other allergens afterwards. In contrast, IL-33, together with retinoic acid, induces IL-10-producing immunosuppressive ILC2s. In this review, we discuss how the allergic cytokine milieu and other immune cells direct the generation of trained ILC2s with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive recall capability in allergic diseases and infections associated with type 2 immunity. The molecular mechanisms of trained immunity by ILCs and the physiological relevance of trained ILC2s are also discussed