Simultaneous separation and purification of chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, hyperoside and phlorizin from thinned young Qinguan apples by successive use of polyethylene and polyamide resins

The method for separating and purifying chlorogenic acid (CA), epicatechin (EC), hyperoside (HY) and phlorizin (PH) simutaneously from young Qinguan apples by successive use of X-5 and polyamide resins has been developed in this study. The order of adsorption capacities of X-5 for the four phenolics was PH\ua0>\ua0HY\ua0>\ua0EC\ua0>\ua0CA, and the adsorption equilibriums of the four phenolics onto X-5 resin conformed to Langmuir isotherms preferentially. The adsorption kinetics of EC and CA onto X-5 conformed to the pseudo-first-order model, while that of HY and PH accorded with the pseudo-second-order model. Interestingly, the values of equilibrium adsorption capacities (Q) calculated in the preferential kinetics models were closer to that of theoretical maximum adsorption capacities (Q) calculated by Langmuir isotherms. Through dynamic adsorption and desorption using X-5 and polyamide resins with ethanol solution as strippant, CA, EC, HY and PH were obtained with purities of 96.21%, 95.34%, 95.36% and 97.36%, respectively

A Study on the Raman Spectral Characteristics of Garnet from the Jiama Copper Polymetallic Deposit in Tibet

Raman spectroscopy is an important method to analyze and measure mineral composition and structure, which has the advantages of being non-destructive and rapid. This study considered garnet from the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet to carry out micro-Raman spectrum and electron microprobe research to analyze the Raman spectrum characteristics of garnet with different components to reveal its indicative significance for garnet composition and skarn mineralization. The results showed that the Raman peaks T, X, A1, A2, and A3 shift toward lower wavenumber with the increase in andradite (And) content. The variations in T, X, and A2 are more obvious than those of A1 and A3. When And > 50%, the three Raman peaks (T, X, and A2) range are 173–174, 234–239, 513–525 cm−1; when And < 50%, they are 177–178, 240–244, 527–543 cm−1. The Raman peaks also shift with the cation radius and relative atomic mass. Different peaks moved in the low-frequency direction with the increase in the X2+ and Y3+ radius, and the X2+ atomic mass. The Raman spectrum can indicate the composition change in garnet. Raman spectrum analysis of garnet is of great significance for skarn zoning and prospecting

A Study on the Raman Spectral Characteristics of Garnet from the Jiama Copper Polymetallic Deposit in Tibet

Raman spectroscopy is an important method to analyze and measure mineral composition and structure, which has the advantages of being non-destructive and rapid. This study considered garnet from the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet to carry out micro-Raman spectrum and electron microprobe research to analyze the Raman spectrum characteristics of garnet with different components to reveal its indicative significance for garnet composition and skarn mineralization. The results showed that the Raman peaks T, X, A1, A2, and A3 shift toward lower wavenumber with the increase in andradite (And) content. The variations in T, X, and A2 are more obvious than those of A1 and A3. When And > 50%, the three Raman peaks (T, X, and A2) range are 173–174, 234–239, 513–525 cm−1; when And −1. The Raman peaks also shift with the cation radius and relative atomic mass. Different peaks moved in the low-frequency direction with the increase in the X2+ and Y3+ radius, and the X2+ atomic mass. The Raman spectrum can indicate the composition change in garnet. Raman spectrum analysis of garnet is of great significance for skarn zoning and prospecting

Effects of Processing on Starch Structure, Textural, and Digestive Property of “Horisenbada”, a Traditional Mongolian Food

Horisenbada, prepared by the soaking, steaming, and baking of millets, is a traditional Mongolian food and is characterized by its long shelf life, convenience, and nutrition. In this study, the effect of processing on the starch structure, textural, and digestive property of millets was investigated. Compared to the soaking treatment, steaming and baking significantly reduced the molecular size and crystallinity of the millet starch, while baking increased the proportion of long amylose chains, partially destroyed starch granules, and formed a closely packed granular structure. Soaking and steaming significantly reduced the hardness of the millets, while the hardness of baked millets is comparable to that of raw millet grains. By fitting digestive curves with a first-order model and logarithm of the slope (LOS) plot, it showed that the baking treatment significantly reduced the digestibility of millets, the steaming treatment increased the digestibility of millets, while the soaked millets displayed a similar digestive property with raw millets, in terms of both digestion rate and digestion degree. This study could improve the understanding of the effects of processing on the palatability and health benefits of Horisenbada

Extrinsic Calibration for Vehicle-based Mobile Mapping System

Having the advantage of 360° imaging and rotation invariance, panoramic camera has gradually been used in mobile mapping systems(MMS). Calibration is an essential requirement to make sure that MMS can get high quality geo-information. This paper presents a way to address the extrinsic calibration for vehicle-based MMS composed of panoramic camera and Position and Orientation System (POS). Firstly, control points in the natural scene are set up, whose spatial coordinates are measured with high precision. Secondly, a panoramic spherical model is constructed and panoramic image can be projected to this model by means of spherical reverse transformation projection. Then, localize and select the control points in 3D spherical panoramic view but not in panoramic distorted image directly, the spherical coordinates of control points in panoramic image are gotten. After points correspondence is established, make use of direct geo-reference positioning equation and coordinate transformation, the translation and rotation parameters of panoramic camera relative to POS are computed. Experiments are conducted separately in space city calibration site located in Beijing and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin using our approach. Test results are listed as follows. When the GPS signal are of good quality, absolute positioning mean square error of a point is 10.3 cm in two-dimension plane and 16.5 cm in height direction; Otherwise, it is 35.4 cm in two-dimension plane and 54.8 cm in height direction. The max relative error of distance measurement is about 5 cm over a short distance (distance<3 km), which is not obviously affected by the GPS signal quality

The preservative effects of chitosan film incorporated with thinned young apple polyphenols on the quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during cold storage: correlation between the preservative effects and the active properties of the film

This study aims to investigate the preservative effects of chitosan film incorporated with thinned young apple polyphenols (YAP) on grass carp fillets (GCF) quality during cold storage. The results showed that the chitosan-YAP film wrapping effectively retarded the microbial proliferation, lipid and protein oxidation, changes in pH and color values and decrease in water holding capacity of GCF during cold storage. Besides, the wrapping with chitosan-YAP film could significantly delay the decrease in the content and functional properties of soluble myofibrillar protein, the loss of the texture and amino acids, and the adverse changes in the surface morphology and sensory values of GCF. Through correlation analyses, the preservative effects of the film may be attributed to its water retention capacity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Therefore, the chitosan-YAP film has a potential as a packaging material to extend shelf life of freshwater fish fillets during cold storage

Markov decision process based value chain calculation of water distribution network scheduling

Precise value of scheduling decisions forms the cornerstone of water distribution network (WDN) scheduling optimization, which aims at conserving energy and enhancing network operational efficiency. This article proposes a computational methodology for evaluating the value chain of scheduling decisions in WDN. The scheduling process is modeled as a Markov decision process with immediate reward function, action and state space. Due to the periodicity of water supply and sequential nature of scheduling, the calculation quantifies cumulative value of scheduling decisions by incorporating state transition probability with expected value. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed evaluation method are demonstrated using scheduling data from a real world WDN. The method provides rational values on scheduling period and strategies, offering practical feedback for scheduling decisions