Intraocular Metastases Secondary to Breast Carcinoma Correlates With Upregulation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Expression in the Primary Tumor

To compare estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) receptor expression in the primary tumor of patients affected by choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma (BC) versus those with extraocular metastases

Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Modulates Retinal Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema

Subthreshold micropulse laser treatment has become a recognized option in the therapeutic approach to diabetic macular edema. However, some yet undefined elements pertaining to its mechanism of action and most effective treatment method still limit its clinical diffusion. We reviewed the current literature on subthreshold micropulse laser treatment, particularly focusing on its effects on the modulation of retinal neuroinflammation. Subthreshold micropulse laser treatment seems to determine a long-term normalization of specific retinal neuroinflammatory metabolic pathways, contributing to the restoration of retinal homeostasis and the curtailing of local inflammatory processes. Optimized and standardized parameters ensure effective and safe treatment

Pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy of conjunctival tumors

Conjunctiva and cornea tumors represent a large spectrum of conditions ranging from benign lesions to aggressive and life-threatening malignancies. Topical pharmacotherapies and immunotherapies have recently acquired a relevant role in the management of conjunctival tumors and, in the past 2 decades, there has been a shift from surgery alone toward the use of these agents, both as a sole therapy or as adjunct to surgery (before or after surgery). The 3 main agents that have been used for topical medical treatment of conjunctival tumors are mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, and interferon-\u3b12b. Advantages of topical pharmacotherapies and immunotherapies include the ability to treat the entire ocular surface and prevention of surgical side effects and complications. The aim of this review is to summarize the current use of topical pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy in the management of conjunctival tumors

RETINAL DYSTROPHY IN JEUNE SYNDROME: A MULTIMODAL IMAGING CHARACTERIZATION

To report multimodal imaging findings in a patient affected by Jeune syndrome-associated retinal dystrophy

Chorioretinal Side Effects of Therapeutic Ocular Irradiation: A Multimodal Imaging Approach

Radiation chorioretinopathy, radiation maculopathy, and radiation optic neuropathy are the major complications of ophthalmic radiotherapy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) are revolutionary imaging methods, allowing the visualization of the retinal cellular architecture and the retinal vascular system, respectively. In recent years this multimodal imaging approach has been applied to several retinal disease, but its role in the clinical characterization of retinal complications secondary to ophthalmic radiotherapy has not yet been defined. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the role of OCT and OCTA in the clinical assessment of radiation-induced chorioretinopathy, maculopathy, and optic neuropathy

Radiation Maculopathy is Anticipated by OCT Hyperreflective Retinal Foci: a Large, Prospective Confirmation study

Purpose: To investigate, by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), retinal reflectivity changes as an early biomarker anticipating radiation induced macular edema (ME) in patients treated by Iodine-125 (I-125) brachytherapy. Methods: Thirty patients planned for I-125 brachytherapy because of uveal melanoma (UM) were prospectively included and followed every 4 months for 5 years. Reflectivity alterations, namely hyperreflective retinal foci (HRF) were characterized and counted by two independent masked examiners by means of SD-OCT imaging. HRF were defined as discrete intraretinal reflectivity changes ≤30μm, with reflectivity similar to nerve fiber layer and without back shadowing. Results: ME occurred in seventeen patients 24.2 ±15.1 months (group 1) after irradiation. Thirteen patients showed no signs of ME at 5-year follow-up (group 2). The number of HRF was statistically higher in sequential visits until the evidence of ME in group 1 vs group 2 (p<0.0001). In group 1, HRF at the follow-up before the evidence of ME were significantly related to the OCT central subfield thickness at ME appearance (P=0.0002, r2=0.6129). The intergrader agreement was almost perfect (ICC=0.80). Conclusions: HRF may be considered as an early in vivo imaging biomarker of retinal inflammatory response to ocular irradiation, anticipating the development of radiation maculopathy

Quantification of vascular and neuronal changes in the peripapillary retinal area secondary to diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: To investigate and quantify peripapillary vascular and neuronal changes secondary to diabetic retinopathy, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA).DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study.METHODS: 51 eyes of 51 patients affected by non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 19 age-matched healthy control eyes underwent full ophthalmic examination, including OCT and OCTA in the peripapillary area. Vessel area density (VAD), vessel length fraction (VLF) and vessel diameter index (VDI) were quantified in a ring-shaped region of interest of each OCTA image. Capillaries and larger vessels were separately analysed. The thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) was also analysed.RESULTS: VAD and VLF of peripapillary capillaries were significantly reduced in NPDR eyes, along with the progression of NPDR (p<0.05). VDI was significantly reduced in mild (p=0.0093) and moderate (p=0.0190) NPDR eyes, but not in severe NPDR (p=0.0841). Larger peripapillary vessels showed a significant increase of both VAD and VDI in NPDR eyes. pRNFL and GCC thickness decreased in NPDR eyes, reaching statistical significance only for GCC. No statistically significant correlation was found between perfusion parameters and pRNFL and GCC thickness.CONCLUSIONS: Retinal capillary remodelling in NPDR involves the peripapillary vascularisation too, as confirmed by OCTA quantitative parameters. The peripapillary macrovasculature and microvasculature need to be separately evaluated. The lack of direct correlation between peripapillary capillaries changes and the loss of retinal nerve fibres suggests that neuronal damage cannot be simply considered secondary to the microvascular one