Quantification of precipitates and their effects on the response of nickel-base superalloy to shot peening

This paper reports on a microstructural study of a nickel-base superalloy, Inconel 718, with a focus on quantifying precipitate density and their effects on conductivity variations. The study is motivated by eddy current (EC) characterization of residual stresses, where observed EC signals are attempted to correlate with stress profiles of shot peened superalloy surfaces. It has been observed that the correlation is less universal than anticipated, and in fact strongly influenced by the material hardness, or the aging conditions. For example, the soft sample surface exhibits significantly stronger EC signals than the fully hardened sample when both are shot peened at the same Almen intensity. Thus, the objective of the present study is to examine this complex material response against aging and shot peening treatments at the microstructure scale, by the use of techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We will describe preparations of a series of Inconel 718 samples that was aged and shot peened at various conditions, and present microstructural data obtained from SEM and TEM images such as precipitate densities, correlated with bulk properties such as the hardness and conductivity

Effects of cold work on near-surface conductivity profiles in laser shock peened and shot peened nickel-base superalloy

This paper reports on a study of the effects of cold work induced by surface enhancement treatment on conductivity profiles in nickel-base superalloys, as part of the on-going efforts aimed at evaluating the feasibility of characterizing near-surface residual stress profiles in peened engine components using a swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) technique. The approach is based on the empirical piezoresistivity effect that correlates conductivity changes with residual stress, but recent studies have shown that conductivity changes induced by peening processes are also influenced by metallurgical factors such as cold work. In this study, conductivity deviation profiles were obtained by model-based inversion of SFEC signals from a set of aged Inconel 718 samples, which were either shot peened or laser shock peened to produce different residual stress and cold work profiles. The laser shock peened samples exhibit a larger increase in surface conductivity and deeper conductivity profiles, which are attributed to a smaller amount of surface cold work and deeper residual stress profiles created by laser shock peening than by shot peening

A scaling law for nondestructive evaluation of shot peening induced surface material property deviations

Shot peening is frequently used to improve mechanical characteristics of metallic components’ surfaces. The physical properties of shot peened surfaces exhibit deviations from their bulk values. This paper shows that there exists a scaling law (universality) among seemingly unrelated material property deviations and among different peening conditions. We present examples and support for scaling behaviors based on experimental data on Almen strip deflection, cold work and residual stress profiles of a shot peened nickel‐base superalloy (Waspaloy), and swept frequency eddy current signals used for NDE studies of another shot peened nickel‐base superalloy (Inconel 718). In addition, a fast impedance calculation formula for a coil placed on a metal with small, continuous conductivity deviation is presented and used for analytical and numerical study of eddy current signals

Self-consistent swept frequency eddy current measurements for characterization of near surface material conditions

This paper reports on a self‐consistent, swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) technique for characterizing surface and sub‐surface conditions of materials, with specific applications to detecting residual stresses in shot‐peened Ni‐base superalloys and surface oxidation in engineering components. The technique involves measuring lift‐off normalized vertical component signal to suppress lift off noise and instrumentation effect. Theoretical study shows that the vertical component signals are insensitive to coil dimensions, thus enabling EC measurements in separate frequency bands using multiple coils, while yielding continuous broad‐band data so that both the bulk conductivity and near‐surface conductivity profile can be determined by model‐based inversion. We demonstrate the technique on two surface‐modified materials, namely Inconel 718 samples shot peened at 4 A to 8 A, and an Ag‐1.5at%Al alloy which was used as a model material for a fundamental study of internal oxidation. For each sample set, the vertical component signals measured using two dissimilar sets of coils and instruments were found to overlap, confirming that the signals are insensitive to coil dimensions and instrumentation. The bulk conductivities of the samples were determined by inverting the low frequency data. The results were then used to constrain model‐based inversion of the high frequency data to obtain near‐surface conductivity profiles, from which the residual stress profile of the shot‐peened Inconel 718 and the oxidization depth of the Ag‐Al alloy can be inferred.Copyright 2009 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. This article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings, 1096 (2009): 1363–1370 and may be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3114115.</p

Quantification of precipitates and their effects on the response of nickel-base superalloy to shot peening

This paper reports on a microstructural study of a nickel-base superalloy, Inconel 718, with a focus on quantifying precipitate density and their effects on conductivity variations. The study is motivated by eddy current (EC) characterization of residual stresses, where observed EC signals are attempted to correlate with stress profiles of shot peened superalloy surfaces. It has been observed that the correlation is less universal than anticipated, and in fact strongly influenced by the material hardness, or the aging conditions. For example, the soft sample surface exhibits significantly stronger EC signals than the fully hardened sample when both are shot peened at the same Almen intensity. Thus, the objective of the present study is to examine this complex material response against aging and shot peening treatments at the microstructure scale, by the use of techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We will describe preparations of a series of Inconel 718 samples that was aged and shot peened at various conditions, and present microstructural data obtained from SEM and TEM images such as precipitate densities, correlated with bulk properties such as the hardness and conductivity.Copyright 2012 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. This article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings 1430 (2012): 1437–1444 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4716385.</p

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 1 - Executive Summary

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization.The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization