Vaccination to control Salmonella shedding and improve growth in pigs

A clinical field trial was performed to determine the effectiveness of an autogenous Salmonella Typhimurium bacterin compared to a commercial live S. choleraesuis vaccine in pigs. The association between Salmonella shedding and weight gain was also investigated. Nine cohorts of weaned pigs were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (injection with S. Typhimurium bacteria, vaccination via water with S. Choleraesuis vaccine, or a control group receiving no vaccine). In each cohort, the average daily gain was calculated for a selected pen throughout the production stage. Fecal samples were collected bi-weekly and cultured. The pigs vaccinated for S. Choleraesuis were more likely to shed Salmonella compared to pigs vaccinated with S. Typhimurium bacterin and the chance of Salmonella shedding in the both vaccinated groups was higher than in the control group. The pigs from pens with a higher Salmonella recovery rate experienced slower growth compared to pigs from pens where Salmonella was not isolated. This latter finding indicates that there might be an economic incentive for producers to try to control endemic salmonellosis if effective programs could be developed

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to innate immune response against Salmonella in nursery pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in innate immune response genes with Salmonella shedding in nursery pigs. One hundred and sixty eight pigs on seven farrow-to- finish farms and one farrow-feeder operation were included in the study. On each farm, 21 pigs were selected from seven sows at weaning. Fecal samples were collected from selected pigs and cultured for Salmonella, and the isolates were serotyped. DNA was extracted from liver samples and used to genotype pigs for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 different innate immune response genes. In total, 15 (9.3%) pigs tested positive for Salmonella; the isolates from six pigs from four different litters on one farm were serotyped as Salmonella Infantis and from nine pigs from six different litters on another farm as Salmonella Worthington. SNP analysis showed an association of Salmonella shedding with a SNP in the genes encoding mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) and Toll-like receptor-1 (TLR-1) (P \u3c 0.05). These findings suggest that Salmonella shedding in pigs is controlled by genetic elements and these genetic variants could possibly be used to breed pigs that are more resistant to Salmonella colonization and Salmonella shedding

Monitoring of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, E. coli 0157, and Listeria monocytogenes on a subset of Canadian swine farms

The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of major bacterial foodborne pathogens in swine on a subset of Ontario swine farms between 2005 and 2007 In total, 359 samples from manure storage tanks and fresh pooled feces obtained from finisher pigs, sows, and weanlings were collected and tested Campylobacter, Salmonella, Y. enterocolitica, E coli 0157 and L monocytogenes were isolated from 36.5%, 31.5%, 5.8%, 3 3%, and 33% of samples, respectively. All E. coli O157 isolates were tested but none were determined to be E. coli O157:H7 Salmonella and Campylobacter were more likely to be detected from stored manure rather than fresh fecal samples. Y. enterocolitica tended to be detected more commonly from fresh samples than from manure pits

Using multinomial logistic regression method to investigate the farm-level antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in swine

The objective of this study was to investigate the farm-level risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. on Ontario swine farms. Fecal samples were collected on 80 swine farms and tested for Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance. The farms were classified into three groups including Salmonella-negative farms (Group 1), Salmonella-positive farms without antimicrobial resistance (Group 2), and Salmonella-positive farms with antimicrobial resistance (Group 3). No risk factor was associated with the Group 2 classification

A longitudinal study ofthe Salmonella status on Ontario swine farms within the time period 2001-2006

In order to describe the fann-level of Salmonella status, I 13 Ontario swine fanns were tested annually for Salmonella I to 5 times within the time period 2001-2006. During 422 visits, 6844 fecal samples were collected and cultured for Salmonella. Salmonella was recovered from 437 (6.4%) of the fecal samples and 69 (61%) of the fanns had at least one positive sample over the entire period of the study. Salmonella was not recovered on II fanns of the 54 fanns visited five times, nor from 7 of the 17 fanns visited four times. On 7 fanns Salmonella was not recovered over the frrst 4 visits but were cultured on the fifth visit. The isolates belonged to 30 different serovars and serogroup B and C I were the most common serogroups

The utility of the Historical Clinical Risk -20 Scale as a predictor of outcomes in decisions to transfer patients from high to lower levels of security-A UK perspective

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) approaches to violence risk assessment are increasingly being adopted into clinical practice in international forensic settings. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive validity of the Historical Clinical Risk -20 (HCR-20) violence risk assessment scale for outcome following transfers from high to medium security in a United Kingdom setting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The sample was predominately male and mentally ill and the majority of cases were detained under the criminal section of the Mental Health Act (1986). The HCR-20 was rated based on detailed case file information on 72 cases transferred from high to medium security. Outcomes were examined, independent of risk score, and cases were classed as "success or failure" based on established criteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean length of follow up was 6 years. The total HCR-20 score was a robust predictor of failure at lower levels of security and return to high security. The Clinical and Risk management items contributed most to predictive accuracy.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although the HCR-20 was designed as a violence risk prediction tool our findings suggest it has potential utility in decisions to transfer patients from high to lower levels of security.</p