The Role of Law and the Function of the Lawyer in the Developing Countries

In the majority of contemporary democratic societies, the role of the lawyer is important, in some cases (such as the United States) predominant. This is so partly because a democratic constitution and legal order--for all the differences between the various types of democracy--are based on a delicate and precarious balance of functions and powers, which makes the role of the lawyer, as a trained balancer, important. But it is also connected with the fact that in the formative era of modern democracies, especially throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the predominant economic philosophy of democracy was that of laissez faire, with private enterprise as the chief instrument and promoter of economic activity and development. The function of the State remained restricted to defense, foreign affairs, and certain limited administrative and police activities, while the main stream of economic and social life proceeded through private channels. Hence the predominant training and function of the lawyer was in the field of private law, as counsel and advocate, as judge litigating between private parties, and as legal scholar analyzing the legal order and concepts of this type of society

Social Learning: A Model for Policy Research

This paper concerns the question of how policy research can be made more useful in practice. Two types of policy research may be distinguished. The first is research on issues in the public realm and not addressed to a specific client. The "consumers" of this type of research -- those whom it stimulates to thought -- are other interested scholars and practitioners, and the arguments proceed from many different quarters and perspectives. Answers given in this context are neither right nor wrong: they merely illuminate an issue of public concern and enhance our understanding of it. In this special sense, policy research resembles, in Cohen and Garet's language, "a discourse about social reality -- a debate about social problems and their solutions". The second type of policy research does have a client and is therefore pitched to an existing social problem that is located within a specific policy environment. Although we recognize that the distinction we are attempting to draw is imprecise, we propose to deal in this paper with only the second type of policy research and further limit ourselves to social policy. Such research is bought and sold, but its results are rarely used in the solution of a problem. Our intention, then, is to find out why and in what circumstances this outcome is highly probable and what, if anything, might be done about it

Local Strategy Improvement for Parity Game Solving

The problem of solving a parity game is at the core of many problems in model checking, satisfiability checking and program synthesis. Some of the best algorithms for solving parity game are strategy improvement algorithms. These are global in nature since they require the entire parity game to be present at the beginning. This is a distinct disadvantage because in many applications one only needs to know which winning region a particular node belongs to, and a witnessing winning strategy may cover only a fractional part of the entire game graph. We present a local strategy improvement algorithm which explores the game graph on-the-fly whilst performing the improvement steps. We also compare it empirically with existing global strategy improvement algorithms and the currently only other local algorithm for solving parity games. It turns out that local strategy improvement can outperform these others by several orders of magnitude

Aeroelasticity of a Generic Hypersonic Vehicle

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76282/1/AIAA-2002-1209-307.pd

G_2 Domain Walls in M-theory

M-theory is considered in its low-energy limit on a G_2 manifold with non-vanishing flux. Using the Killing spinor equations for linear flux, an explicit set of first-order bosonic equations for supersymmetric solutions is found. These solutions describe a warped product of a domain wall in four-dimensional space-time and a deformed G_2 manifold. It is shown how these domain walls arise from the perspective of the associated four-dimensional N=1 effective supergravity theories. We also discuss the inclusion of membrane and M5-brane sources.Comment: 30 pages, Late

Hypersonic Aerothermoelastic Studies for Reusable Launch Vehicles

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77241/1/AIAA-2004-1590-254.pd

Aeroelastic and Aerothermoelastic Vehicle Behavior in Hypersonic Flow

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76797/1/AIAA-2005-3305-890.pd

Classification and Moduli Kahler Potentials of G_2 Manifolds

Compact manifolds of G_2 holonomy may be constructed by dividing a seven-torus by some discrete symmetry group and then blowing up the singularities of the resulting orbifold. We classify possible group elements that may be used in this construction and use this classification to find a set of possible orbifold groups. We then derive the moduli Kahler potential for M-theory on the resulting class of G_2 manifolds with blown up co-dimension four singularities.Comment: 30 pages, Latex, references adde

Second-order perturbations of cosmological fluids: Relativistic effects of pressure, multi-component, curvature, and rotation

We present general relativistic correction terms appearing in Newton's gravity to the second-order perturbations of cosmological fluids. In our previous work we have shown that to the second-order perturbations, the density and velocity perturbation equations of general relativistic zero-pressure, irrotational, single-component fluid in a flat background coincide exactly with the ones known in Newton's theory. Here, we present the general relativistic second-order correction terms arising due to (i) pressure, (ii) multi-component, (iii) background curvature, and (iv) rotation. In case of multi-component zero-pressure, irrotational fluids under the flat background, we effectively do not have relativistic correction terms, thus the relativistic result again coincides with the Newtonian ones. In the other three cases we generally have pure general relativistic correction terms. In case of pressure, the relativistic corrections appear even in the level of background and linear perturbation equations. In the presence of background curvature, or rotation, pure relativistic correction terms directly appear in the Newtonian equations of motion of density and velocity perturbations to the second order. In the small-scale limit (far inside the horizon), relativistic equations including the rotation coincide with the ones in Newton's gravity.Comment: 41 pages, no figur