159 research outputs found
Was tun mit dem unerwarteten Plus an Steuereinnahmen?
Durch den laufenden Konjunkturaufschwung hat sich die Lage der deutschen Staatshaushalte deutlich verbessert. Der Arbeitskreis »SteuerschĂ€tzungen« fĂŒr Bund, LĂ€nder und Gemeinden geht in seiner Mai-Prognose von annĂ€hernd 180 Mrd. ⏠zusĂ€tzlichen Einnahmen der öffentlichen Haushalte fĂŒr die Jahre 2007 bis 2010 aus. Was tun mit dem unerwarteten »Steuer-Plus«? Wolfgang Wiegard, UniversitĂ€t Regensburg und SachverstĂ€ndigenrat, ist dafĂŒr, dass nach Erreichung konjunkturell ausgeglichener öffentlicher Haushalte die verbleibenden Steuermehreinnahmen ĂŒber Steuersenkungen an die BĂŒrger zurĂŒckgegeben werden sollten. Thomas Straubhaar, HWWI, schlĂ€gt u.a. vor, das Geld in Form eines Barschecks unmittelbar an die Steuerzahlenden zurĂŒckzuerstatten. Joachim PoĂ, SPD-Bundestagsfraktion, macht die Ansicht der Koalition und Otto Fricke, Haushaltsausschuss des Deutschen Bundestags, die der FDP-Fraktion vorstellig. Karl Heinz DĂ€ke, Bund der Steuerzahler, möchte »Neuverschuldung abbauen und Steuerentlastung auf den Weg bringen«.Steueraufkommen, Steuersenkung, Einkoomensteuer, SteuerbegĂŒnstigung, Steuerreform, Deutschland
Antwort eines Unbefangenen auf die von Hannover aus in Circulation gesetzte Schrift: Ueber meinen Austritt aus dem Herzoglich Braunschweigschen Staatsdienste von Justus von Schmidt-Phiseldeck / [von Johann Karl Georg Fricke]
E+E-Projekt âIntegration von Naturschutzzielen in den Ăkologischen Landbau am Beispiel der Hessischen StaatsdomĂ€ne Frankenhausenâ - MaĂnahmen zur Entwicklung dauerhafter Landschaftsstrukturen
The Hessian state domain Frankenhausen near Kassel was converted to organic farming in July 1998 and serves as a research and demonstration farm of the univer-sity. Before that time the farm changed constantly by typical intensification of conven-tional farming: The landscape is a mirror of intense use: cleared and drained fields, canalised brooks and large fields with few structural elements. â Within the project âThe Integration of Nature Conservation into Organic Farmingâ (supported by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation with funds from the Federal Envi-ronmental Ministry) and based on the analysis of the present situation using methods of landscape ecology. Measures to restore brooks, structural elements and biotopes are to be implemented. The aim is to integrate structural elements like hedgerows into the farm management
Factors influencing brightness and beam quality of conventional and distributed Bragg reflector tapered laser diodes in absence of self-heating
In this study, the authors examine some of the factors affecting the brightness and the beam quality of high-power tapered lasers. The large volume resonators required to achieve a high-power, high-brightness operation make the beam quality sensitive to carrier lensing and a multimode operation. These cause bleaching of the regions outside the ridge waveguide. The beam quality in the conventional and the distributed Bragg reflector tapered lasers is examined in the absence of the self-heating effects to investigate the effect of the carrier lensing effects. The influence of the front facet reflectivity and the taper angle on the beam quality is investigated. The beam quality was found to degrade with an increase in the front facet reflectivity and for the larger taper angles in the conventional tapered lasers, especially at low ridge waveguide currents. Finally, the performance of the conventional tapered lasers employing a beamspoiler was assessed. The beam quality was found to be comparable with that achieved in the DBR tapered lasers
which marker is best for prediction? Pooled analysis of four German population-based cohort studies and comparison with a nationwide cohort study
Objective To compare the association between different anthropometric
measurements and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess their
predictive ability in different regions of Germany. Methods Data of 10â
258
participants from 4 prospective population-based cohorts were pooled to assess
the association of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference
(WC), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) with incident
T2DM by calculating HRs of the crude, adjusted and standardised markers, as
well as providing receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Differences
between HRs and ROCs for the different anthropometric markers were calculated
to compare their predictive ability. In addition, data of 3105 participants
from the nationwide survey were analysed separately using the same methods to
provide a nationally representative comparison. Results Strong associations
were found for each anthropometric marker and incidence of T2DM. Among the
standardised anthropometric measures, we found the strongest effect on
incident T2DM for WC and WHtR in the pooled sample (HR for 1 SD difference in
WC 1.97, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.22, HR for WHtR 1.93, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.17 in women)
and in female DEGS participants (HR for WC 2.24, 95% CI 1.91 to 2.63, HR for
WHtR 2.10, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.44), whereas the strongest association in men was
found for WHR among DEGS participants (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.89 to 2.78). ROC
analysis showed WHtR to be the strongest predictor for incident T2DM.
Differences in HR and ROCs between the different markers confirmed WC and WHtR
to be the best predictors of incident T2DM. Findings were consistent across
study regions and age groups (<65 vs â„65â
years). Conclusions We found stronger
associations between anthropometric markers that reflect abdominal obesity
(ie, WC and WHtR) and incident T2DM than for BMI and weight. The use of these
measurements in risk prediction should be encouraged
Anthropometric markers and their association with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: which marker is best for prediction? Pooled analysis of four German population-based cohort studies and comparison with a nationwide cohort study
Objective: To compare the association between different anthropometric measurements and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess their predictive ability in different regions of Germany. Methods: Data of 10â
258 participants from 4 prospective population-based cohorts were pooled to assess the association of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) with incident T2DM by calculating HRs of the crude, adjusted and standardised markers, as well as providing receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Differences between HRs and ROCs for the different anthropometric markers were calculated to compare their predictive ability. In addition, data of 3105 participants from the nationwide survey were analysed separately using the same methods to provide a nationally representative comparison. Results: Strong associations were found for each anthropometric marker and incidence of T2DM. Among the standardised anthropometric measures, we found the strongest effect on incident T2DM for WC and WHtR in the pooled sample (HR for 1 SD difference in WC 1.97, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.22, HR for WHtR 1.93, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.17 in women) and in female DEGS participants (HR for WC 2.24, 95% CI 1.91 to 2.63, HR for WHtR 2.10, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.44), whereas the strongest association in men was found for WHR among DEGS participants (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.89 to 2.78). ROC analysis showed WHtR to be the strongest predictor for incident T2DM. Differences in HR and ROCs between the different markers confirmed WC and WHtR to be the best predictors of incident T2DM. Findings were consistent across study regions and age groups
A Single-Chain-Based Hexavalent CD27 Agonist Enhances T Cell Activation and Induces Anti-Tumor Immunity
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 (TNFRSF7, CD27), expressed primarily by T cells, and its ligand CD27L (TNFSF7, CD70) provide co-stimulatory signals that boost T cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Agonistic stimulation of CD27 is therefore a promising therapeutic concept in immuno-oncology intended to boost and sustain T cell driven anti-tumor responses. Endogenous TNFSF/TNFRSF-based signal transmission is a structurally well-defined event that takes place during cell-to-cell-based contacts. It is well-established that the trimeric-trivalent TNFSF-receptor binding domain (TNFSF-RBD) exposed by the conducting cell and the resulting multi-trimer-based receptor clustering on the receiving cell are essential for agonistic signaling. Therefore, we have developed HERA-CD27L, a novel hexavalent TNF receptor agonist (HERA) targeting CD27 and mimicking the natural signaling concept. HERA-CD27L is composed of a trivalent but single-chain CD27L-receptor-binding-domain (scCD27L-RBD) fused to an IgG1 derived silenced Fc-domain serving as dimerization scaffold. The hexavalent agonist significantly boosted antigen-specific T cell responses while having no effect on non-specific T cells and was superior over stabilized recombinant trivalent CD27L. In addition, HERA-CD27L demonstrated potent single-agent anti-tumor efficacy in two different syngeneic tumor models, MC38-CEA and CT26wt. Furthermore, the combination of HERA-CD27L and an anti-PD-1 antibody showed additive anti-tumor effects highlighting the importance of both T cell activation and checkpoint inhibition in anti-tumor immunity. In this manuscript, we describe the development of HERA-CD27L, a true CD27 agonist with a clearly defined forward-signaling mechanism of action
Birth Order, Caesarean Section, or Daycare Attendance in Relation to Child- and Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the German National Cohort
Background: Global incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising and nearly half occurred in adults. However, it is unclear if certain early-life childhood T1D risk factors were also associated with adult-onset T1D. This study aimed to assess associations between birth order, delivery mode or daycare attendance and type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk in a population-based cohort and whether these were similar for childhood- and adult-onset T1D (cut-off age 15); (2) Methods: Data were obtained from the German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie) baseline assessment. Self-reported diabetes was classified as T1D if: diagnosis age †40 years and has been receiving insulin treatment since less than one year after diagnosis. Cox regression was applied for T1D risk analysis; (3) Results: Analyses included 101,411 participants (100 childhood- and 271 adult-onset T1D cases). Compared to âonly-childrenâ, HRs for second- or later-born individuals were 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50â0.96) and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.45â0.94), respectively, regardless of parental diabetes, migration background, birth year and perinatal factors. In further analyses, higher birth order reduced T1D risk in children and adults born in recent decades. Caesarean section and daycare attendance showed no clear associations with T1D risk; (4) Conclusions: Birth order should be considered in both children and adultsâ T1D risk assessment for early detection
Quantum state preparation and macroscopic entanglement in gravitational-wave detectors
Long-baseline laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors are operating
at a factor of 10 (in amplitude) above the standard quantum limit (SQL) within
a broad frequency band. Such a low classical noise budget has already allowed
the creation of a controlled 2.7 kg macroscopic oscillator with an effective
eigenfrequency of 150 Hz and an occupation number of 200. This result, along
with the prospect for further improvements, heralds the new possibility of
experimentally probing macroscopic quantum mechanics (MQM) - quantum mechanical
behavior of objects in the realm of everyday experience - using
gravitational-wave detectors. In this paper, we provide the mathematical
foundation for the first step of a MQM experiment: the preparation of a
macroscopic test mass into a nearly minimum-Heisenberg-limited Gaussian quantum
state, which is possible if the interferometer's classical noise beats the SQL
in a broad frequency band. Our formalism, based on Wiener filtering, allows a
straightforward conversion from the classical noise budget of a laser
interferometer, in terms of noise spectra, into the strategy for quantum state
preparation, and the quality of the prepared state. Using this formalism, we
consider how Gaussian entanglement can be built among two macroscopic test
masses, and the performance of the planned Advanced LIGO interferometers in
quantum-state preparation
Searching for a Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves with LIGO
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has performed
the fourth science run, S4, with significantly improved interferometer
sensitivities with respect to previous runs. Using data acquired during this
science run, we place a limit on the amplitude of a stochastic background of
gravitational waves. For a frequency independent spectrum, the new limit is
. This is currently the most sensitive
result in the frequency range 51-150 Hz, with a factor of 13 improvement over
the previous LIGO result. We discuss complementarity of the new result with
other constraints on a stochastic background of gravitational waves, and we
investigate implications of the new result for different models of this
background.Comment: 37 pages, 16 figure
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