Creating change in responsible tourism management through social marketing

The global threat of climate change, diminishing natural resources and significant socio-economic inequalities is forcing companies and individuals to evaluate the impact they are having on the natural, social and economic environments. This trend has led to an increased availability and demand for socially, environmentally and economically responsible products. The tourism industry relies heavily on the sustained beauty and hospitality of the places and communities it operates in and has come under pressure to manage its negative impacts. Change in the industry has, however, been limited. This paper investigates the current attitudes and perceptions of tourism business owners in Cape Town towards responsible tourism management (RTM) practices in order to develop social marketing strategies that can influence positive behaviour change in management. Cape Town as an internationally acclaimed top tourism destination needs to urgently address its low levels of responsible tourism evidence. Survey data of 244 tourism businesses was used to statistically test what factors are causing the low levels of RTM practices in Cape Town. Findings suggest that despite general positive attitudes towards RTM, tourism businesses are not investing time and money into changing management practices. This is a common emerging market phenomenon where resource constraints negatively impact the relationship between what businesses would like to do and what actually gets done. Factors such as the perceived cost of RTM, a highly competitive environment and a perceived lack of government support are further negatively influencing this relationship. Recommendations are made as to how social marketing can be used to encourage businesses to adopt RTM practices by reducing the perceived and actual costs of implementing RTM. The paper discusses what channels should be implemented to facilitate change

MISSE Thermal Control Materials with Comparison to Previous Flight Experiments

Many different passive thermal control materials were flown as part of the Materials on International Space Station Experiment (MISSE), including inorganic coatings, anodized aluminum, and multi-layer insulation materials. These and other material samples were exposed to the low Earth orbital environment of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, thermal cycling, and hard vacuum, though atomic oxygen exposure was limited for some samples. Materials flown on MISSE-1 and MISSE-2 were exposed to the space environment for nearly four years. Materials flown on MISSE-3, MISSE-4, and MISSE-5 were exposed to the space environment for one year. Solar absorptance, infrared emittance, and mass measurements indicate the durability of these materials to withstand the space environment. Effects of short duration versus long duration exposure on ISS are explored, as well as comparable data from previous flight experiments, such as the Passive Optical Sample Assembly (POSA), Optical Properties Monitor (OPM), and Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)

Are you thinking what I'm thinking? Representing Metacognition with Question­-based Dialogue

In the following paper, we present Noracle, a tool for creating representational artefacts of metacognitive thinking in a collaborative, social environment. The tool uses only question asking, rather than the typical question/answer paradigm found in threaded discussions, as a mechanism for supporting awareness and reflection on metacognitive activity, and for supporting self- regulated learning. The weblike artefact produced by learner contributions is intended to support learners in mapping a given domain, identifying points of convergence and recognizing gaps in the knowledge representation. In this paper, the authors present the model of the tool, a use case scenario and a discussion of the opportunities and limitations related to this approach

Tracemaking Activities of Crabs and Their Environmental Significance: The Ichnogenus \u3ci\u3ePsilonichnus\u3c/i\u3e

Modem crabs are common inhabitants of shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments, and many crabs are capable of producing traces that can be preserved in the rock record. The first crabs, Early Jurassic in age, probably were not fossorial. By Cretaceous time, however, diverse endobenthic lineages were established. Many representatives of these lineages undoubtedly produced domiciles that are preserved in shallow marine to quasimarine sediments and that should be useful in characterizing the depositional environment of the sediments. Nonetheless, most such dwelling structures have been studied little and remain essentially unnamed. The ichnogenus Psilonichnus Fiirsich is amenable to the taxonomic concept of several forms of crab burrows; presently recognized ichnospecies include P. tubiformis Fiirsich and P. upsilon (n. ichnosp.). Future work may reveal the need for further ichnospecific differentiation. The occurrence of Psilonichnus upsilon and related burrow forms should prove to be a useful criterion for the identification of marine-margin facies in the rock record. Certain crabs also produce domiciles referable to Thalassinoides, Gyrolithes, and Skolithos, and possibly Macanopsis and Spongeliomorpha. Except for Skolithos, such structures traditionally have been attributed to shrimp, lobsters, or stomatopods. Ethologic and taxonomic re-evaluation of these burrow forms is needed

Basal ganglia glucose utilization after recent precentral ablation in the monkey

In the macaque monkey, unilateral ablation of areas 4 and 6 of Brodmann result initially in a signficant decrease of glucose metabolic activity in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The contralateral hemisphere shows nonsignificant but consistently decreased activity in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Cerebral blood flow is decreased in the same pattern as the glucose metabolic activity. The change in glucose metabolic activity result from loss of neurons known to project directly from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia and also from indirect effect(diaschisis) in basal ganglia structures that do not receive connections from the cerebral cortex.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50310/1/410170503_ftp.pd

SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF SELECTED PATHOGENS IN WHITE-TAILED AND MULE DEER IN WESTERN NEBRASKA

Exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in western Nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. Antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. No serologic reactors to Brucella or Anaplasma were found. Attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative

She\u27s A Cornfed Indiana Girl

Man and woman sitting in swing; Photograph of George Olsenhttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/12237/thumbnail.jp

The effect of cell disruption on the extraction of oil and protein from concentrated microalgae slurries

Novel cell-disruption combinations (autolytic incubation and hypotonic osmotic shock combined with HPH or pH12) were used to investigate the fundamental mass transfer of lipids and proteins from Nannochloropsis slurries (140 mg biomass/g slurry). Since neutral lipids exist as cytosolic globules, their mass transfer was directly dependent on disintegration of cell walls. Complete recovery was obtained with complete physical disruption. HPH combinations exerted more physical disruption and led to higher yields than pH12. In contrast, proteins exist as both cytosolic water-soluble fractions and cell-wall/membrane structural fractions and have a complex extraction behaviour. Mass transfer of cytosolic proteins was dependent on cell-wall disintegration, while that of structural proteins was governed by cell-wall disintegration and severance of protein linkage from the wall/membrane. HPH combinations exerted only physical disruption and were limited to releasing soluble proteins. pH12 combinations hydrolysed chemical linkages in addition to exerting physical disruption, releasing both soluble and structural proteins

Mycoplasma agalactiae ST35: a new sequence type with a minimal accessory genome primarily affecting goats

Background: Mycoplasma agalactiae, causing agent of contagious agalactia, infects domestic small ruminants such as sheep and goats but also wild Caprinae. M. agalactiae is highly contagious and transmitted through oral, respiratory, and mammary routes spreading rapidly in an infected herd. Results: In an outbreak of contagious agalactia in a mixed herd of sheep and goats, 80% of the goats were affected displaying swollen udders and loss of milk production but no other symptom such as kerato-conjunctivitis, arthritis or pulmonary distress commonly associated to contagious agalactia. Surprisingly, none of the sheep grazing on a common pasture and belonging to the same farm as the goats were affected. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of M. agalactiae strain GrTh01 isolated from the outbreak, revealed a previously unknown sequence type, ST35, and a particularly small, genome size of 841′635 bp when compared to others available in public databases. Overall, GrTh01 displayed a reduced accessory genome, with repertoires of gene families encoding variable surface proteins involved in host-adhesion and variable antigenicity being scaled down. GrTh01 was also deprived of Integrative Conjugative Element or prophage, and had a single IS element, suggesting that GrTh01 has a limited capacity to adapt and evolve. Conclusions: The lack of most of the variable antigens and the Integrative Conjugative Element, both major virulence- and host specificity factors of a M. agalactiae strain isolated from an outbreak affecting particularly goats, indicates the implication of these factors in host specificity. Whole genome sequencing and full assembly of bacterial pathogens provides a most valuable tool for epidemiological and virulence studies of M. agalactiae without experimental infections. Keywords: Mycoplasma agalactiae, Sequence type 35, Goats, Full genome, Contagious agalacti