Patologias em emissários submarinos em aço revestido em concreto armado

Os emissários submarinos são um dos elementos que compõe o sistema de disposição oceânica de efluentes domésticos. Esse sistema é composto por uma estação de tratamento, com apenas o tratamento preliminar ou até o tratamento secundário dos efluentes, dependendo do caso de aplicação, a parte da tubulação terrestre, chamada de emissário terrestre e a parte submarina, chamada de emissário submarino. Essas tubulações submarinas normalmente são robustas, podendo aparecer tanto com pequenos diâmetros de 0,75m tanto com grandes diâmetros de aproximadamente 7,00 m, também podem ser executadas em diversos materiais com diversos métodos construtivos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o panorama geral sobre os emissários submarinos, desde a etapa legislativa até a etapa construtiva desse tipo de tubulação, por fim focando nos emissários submarinos que são executados em aço com revestimento em concreto armado. Muitos dos trabalhos que relacionam os emissários submarinos tem como objetivo a análise de impactos ambientais que podem ser causados por esse tipo de disposição de efluentes domésticos. Porém neste trabalho, além de ser comentado sobre os impactos ambientais, são comentados os aspectos patológicos estruturais dessas tubulações, voltando para a agressividade do meio marinho no revestimento de concreto e suas armaduras, nos elementos metálicos que compõe as tubulações, os impactos mecânicos gerados pelas forças hidrostáticas e os desgastes gerados pelo próprio efluente doméstico.The submarine outfalls are one of the elements that compose the ocean disposal system of domestic sewage. This system consists of a treatment plant with only primary treatment or even the secondary treatment of effluents, depending on the way it is applied, the part of the earth pipeline, so called terrestrial outfalls and the underwater part, called the submarine outfall. These subsea pipelines are usually robust and can appear either with small diameters of 0.75m or with large diameter of approximately 7.00 m, can also be performed in various materials with different construction methods. The aim of this paper is to present the overview of the submarine outfalls from the legislative stage to the constructive stage of this type of pipe, finally focusing on submarine outfalls that run on steel-coated concrete. Many of the work related to the submarine outfalls aims the analysis of environmental impacts that may be caused by this type of disposal of domestic waste. But in this work, besides being commented on the environmental impacts are discussed structural pathological aspects of these pipes, returning to the aggression of the marine environment in the concrete lining and their armor, the metal parts that make up the pipes, mechanical impacts of hydrostatic forces and the stresses generated by own wastewater

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora