From Paper to Prison: How a Rapper\u27s Bars Can Land Them Behind Bars

The United States judiciary has historically treated some criminal defendants worse than others. This paper seeks to shed light on the current shortcomings of the judiciary as it relates to lyricists. Specifically, prosecutors are targeting rap artists on trial for various crimes by seeking to admit their rap lyrics as propensity evidence. This paper is divided into three parts. First, it aims to examine a small aspect of free speech in America and points out its various problems. Further, this paper identifies a solution that should make admitting art as evidence more difficult for prosecutors; as such, the second part explores numerous cases where the government infringed on defendants’ free speech rights by using their protected, artistic speech against them in criminal trials. Finally, the third part offers a solution to this phenomenon

Learning Mathematics While Black in Rural Appalachia: Black Students\u27 Counterstories and Freedom Dreams About Mathematics Education

This dissertation aims to illuminate and uncover the experiences of Black students’ learning mathematics in rural Appalachia and specifically West Virginia. The focal theory for this study is Critical Race Theory (CRT) which centers the experience of Black students and their voices. The intersection of race, mathematics education, and the context of rural Appalachia contribute to the analysis of these experiences in specific ways. Participants for this study included six Black high school students from various communities throughout West Virginia. Through interviews and mathematical autobiographies, these students shared their experiences learning mathematics across their schooling experiences and also considering their desires for an ideal mathematics education. The dissertation is presented in the form of three manuscripts. The first manuscript explores these students’ mathematics identities and socialization in this context. I attend to the micro-, meso-, and macro-level influences in their mathematics learning with close attention paid to school and community factors as well as broader sociopolitical and cultural factors in rural Appalachia and the United States at-large. Students’ mathematics identities and socialization experiences are explored through counterstories which elevate their voices. The second manuscript draws on students’ freedom dreams about their ideal mathematics education as Black students in this context. Students consider what they would like mathematics education to be while also considering what they want their teachers to know about teaching Black students in this region. The final manuscript is an autoethnography detailing my own journey as a White male Appalachian and educator toward racial consciousness and to a study framed by CRT. Findings highlight the endemic implicit and explicit racism that exists in Appalachian communities and schools and how this impacts students’ learning of mathematics. It also illuminates how Whiteness functions and morphs in different ways. This research raises issues about how mathematics education functions systemically and instructionally and how deeply ingrained certain de-humanizing features are in the field. It also explores how we can rethink mathematics education to be a more human and just experience for Black students in every context through freedom dreams. In all, this work explores the confluence of race and culture in rural Appalachia through the lens of CRT to center the racialized experiences of Black students in the region

Bailing on the Bondsman: An Argument for Abolishing Monetary Bail

Money bail as a condition for pretrial release has existed throughout American history. Two out of every three inmates held in jails across the United States have not been tried for a crime and are only held because they cannot afford to pay the cost of their bail. The longer a defendant awaits trial in detention, the higher the chance they will be convicted of a crime and sentenced to a longer term than a defendant who is awarded pretrial release. The prolonged time awaiting trial in detention contributes to recidivism and increased criminalization for individuals and their communities. For those defendants that are released pretrial and skip bail, the court requires them or their bail bond lenders to pay the court the full amount of their bail through the forfeiture process. However, loopholes allow defendants or their sureties off the proverbial hook when courts complete the process. This Note offers a solution to the conundrums of the forfeiture process and the increased risk of inequity that pretrial detention does not solve. This Note identifies many solutions, but the most poignant is an outright abolition of pretrial release being contingent on financial circumstances. Money bail as a condition for pretrial release has existed throughout American history. Two out of every three inmates held in jails across the United States have not been tried for a crime and are only held because they cannot afford to pay the cost of their bail. The longer a defendant awaits trial in detention, the higher the chance they will be convicted of a crime and sentenced to a longer term than a defendant who is awarded pretrial release. The prolonged time awaiting trial in detention contributes to recidivism and increased criminalization for individuals and their communities. For those defendants that are released pretrial and skip bail, the court requires them or their bail bond lenders to pay the court the full amount of their bail through the forfeiture process. However, loopholes allow defendants or their sureties off the proverbial hook when courts complete the process. This Note offers a solution to the conundrums of the forfeiture process and the increased risk of inequity that pretrial detention does not solve. This Note identifies many solutions, but the most poignant is an outright abolition of pretrial release being contingent on financial circumstances

Xeno Amino Acids: A look into biochemistry as we don't know it

Would another origin of life resemble Earth's biochemical use of amino acids? Here we review current knowledge at three levels: 1) Could other classes of chemical structure serve as building blocks for biopolymer structure and catalysis? Amino acids now seem both readily available to, and a plausible chemical attractor for, life as we don't know it. Amino acids thus remain important and tractable targets for astrobiological research. 2) If amino acids are used, would we expect the same L-alpha-structural subclass used by life? Despite numerous ideas, it is not clear why life favors L-enantiomers. It seems clearer, however, why life on Earth uses the shortest possible (alpha-) amino acid backbone, and why each carries only one side chain. However, assertions that other backbones are physicochemically impossible have relaxed into arguments that they are disadvantageous. 3) Would we expect a similar set of side chains to those within the genetic code? Not only do many plausible alternatives exist and evidence exists for both evolutionary advantage and physicochemical constraint for those encoded by life. Overall, as focus shifts from amino acids as a chemical class to specific side chains used by post-LUCA biology, the probable role of physicochemical constraint diminishes relative to that of biological evolution. Exciting opportunities now present themselves for laboratory work and computing to explore how changing the amino acid alphabet alters the universe of protein folds. Near-term milestones include: a) expanding evidence about amino acids as attractors within chemical evolution; b) extending characterization of other backbones relative to biological proteins; c) merging computing and laboratory explorations of structures and functions unlocked by xeno peptides.Comment: Submitted to Life (ISSN 2075-1729), 26 pages (without references), 8 figures, 1 table, 1 bo

The Health Sciences and Technology Academy: Re-Imagining Programmatic Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Out-of-school time academic/STEM programs provide educational enrichment to a myriad of student populations with some designed to assist those underrepresented and at-risk who desire to purse post-secondary studies. One such program in West Virginia (WV) is the Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA), which provides hands-on, in person and engaging educational enrichment with the intent to increase the college going rates of Appalachia’s most vulnerable youth. In March 2020, HSTA key personnel encountered the task of redesigning program delivery due to the immediate shutdown of all in person operations resulting from the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper discusses the programmatic changes of program delivery during HSTA’s key program components—the Summer Institute and the Community Based Programming. This paper also utilizes repeated measures one-way multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and paired t-test analysis to examine participants’ perspectives on learning, enjoyment and satisfaction of the aforementioned components prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic

High School Students’ Learning During the COVID Pandemic: Perspectives from Health Sciences and Technology Academy Participants

This paper examines the perspectives of Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA) participants as they navigate through their West Virginia (WV) high school learning environments (i.e., in-person, blended/hybrid, complete virtual) during the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. In March of 2020, the participants in this out-of-school-time (OST) academic enrichment program for exceptionally driven, yet underprivileged, at-risk students, with over 70% living in rural areas, started receiving remote learning instruction through learning management systems or via paper packets. In August of 2020, school systems provided parents and caregivers alternative learning environments for their student(s). In order to understand the learning experiences of HSTA students during these unprecedented times, HSTA released the 2020 Learning Outcomes Survey to participants in December of 2020. We performed chi-square test of independence to test the relationship between participants’ learning environments, their satisfaction with the education they were receiving, their ability to keep up with their school-work, teacher availability to help when needed and teacher feedback supporting them in their learning environment. The results show significant differences between the learning environments and keeping up with school-work as well as teacher feedback supporting them in their learning; however, Phi and Cramer’s V tests for effect size show weak correlations. This study provides a small glimpse into HSTA students’ learning experiences as they attempted to continue to learn in their regular school environment during the COVID-19 pandemic while in HSTA

Needs of Individuals Living With Hepatitis Delta Virus and Their Caregivers, 2016-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a serious coinfection of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is estimated to affect between 48 to 72 million people worldwide. Data are limited on the informational needs of people living with HDV. The Hepatitis B Foundation, a US-based nonprofit organization that provides support to people living with HBV and HDV, receives emails (queries) as part of a helpline, a service to provide information, resources, and support to people affected by HBV and HDV. METHODS: Query content was analyzed to assess the impact of HDV at the individual level. A total of 65 HDV-related queries from 17 countries were received from October 2016 to January 2019, and all were analyzed for this study. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of queries indicated 4 dominant themes. Three were related to a need for information about 1) the disease and prevention of it, 2) disease symptoms and outcomes, and 3) treatment options. The fourth theme was related to barriers and quality of life. Individuals requested information on treatment options, medication access, diagnostic test interpretation, and clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the needs and lived experience of patients with HDV and summarizes critical information gaps. Findings can inform health care providers, public health professionals, and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries about the informational needs and lived experiences of individuals living with HDV and help create future HDV-related educational resources, care, and clinical trials

Common concerns, barriers to care, and the lived experience of individuals with hepatitis B: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: An estimated between 257 and 292 million people live with chronic HBV globally. While much is known about the causes, and epidemiology of HBV, little is understood about the quality of life and impact of HBV on those living with the infection. METHODS: A random sample of HBV-related email queries sent to the Hepatitis B Foundation, a U.S.-based non-profit organization, over a 12-month period in 2018-2019 were retrieved, tabulated, and analyzed qualitatively to highlight information needs and explore the experiences of people living with HBV and their families and loved ones. Codebook development was informed by the literature and through line-by-line reading of a sub-sample of queries. Data analysis was facilitated by NVivo12 software. Data were coded independently by two members of the research team and intercoder reliability was assessed to assure coding accuracy throughout the coding phase. RESULTS: A total of 338 queries from people around the globe were identified and analyzed. The analysis revealed three thematic groups: 1) health-specific challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment, 2) emotional needs related to experiences with HBV stigma, discrimination, fear, social isolation, and distress and 3) informational needs related to HBV prevention and transmission, and interpretation of laboratory tests. CONCLUSIONS: People living with HBV are in need of information to manage their disease and prevent its spread. Analysis of queries uncovered significant misconceptions about HBV transmission and treatment. Additionally, the emotional and psychological impact of an HBV diagnosis on those living with the infection is significant. There is a clear need for patient and community education to expand knowledge and awareness of HBV globally to achieve 2030 WHO HBV elimination goals

Optical and microstructural characterization of Er3+^{3+} doped epitaxial cerium oxide on silicon

Rare-earth ion dopants in solid-state hosts are ideal candidates for quantum communication technologies such as quantum memory, due to the intrinsic spin-photon interface of the rare-earth ion combined with the integration methods available in the solid-state. Erbium-doped cerium oxide (Er:CeO$_2$) is a particularly promising platform for such a quantum memory, as it combines the telecom-wavelength (~1.5 $\mu$m) 4f-4f transition of erbium, a predicted long electron spin coherence time supported by CeO$_2$, and is also near lattice-matched to silicon for heteroepitaxial growth. In this work, we report on the epitaxial growth of Er:CeO$_2$ thin films on silicon using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), with controlled erbium concentration down to 2 parts per million (ppm). We carry out a detailed microstructural study to verify the CeO$_2$ host structure, and characterize the spin and optical properties of the embedded Er$^{3+}$ ions. In the 2-3 ppm Er regime, we identify EPR linewidths of 245(1) MHz, optical inhomogeneous linewidths of 9.5(2) GHz, optical excited state lifetimes of 3.5(1) ms, and spectral diffusion-limited homogenoeus linewidths as narrow as 4.8(3) MHz in the as-grown material. We test annealing of the Er:CeO$_2$ films up to 900 deg C, which yields modest narrowing of the inhomogeneous linewidth by 20% and extension of the excited state lifetime by 40%. We have also studied the variation of the optical properties as a function of Er doping and find that the results are consistent with the trends expected from inter-dopant charge interactions.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures (including supplemental information