Improving the torque generation in self-sensing BLDC drives by shaping the current waveform

Brushless DC drives are widely used in different fields of application because of their high efficiency and power density. Torque ripple can be considered one of the drawbacks of these drives. This paper proposes a method to reduce the torque ripple in BLDC drives. For this reason, the current amplitude is adapted to the rotor position rather than to be kept constant as done in a conventional commutation method. This is done by computing an optimum reference current based on the phase back-EMF waveform. The proposed approach is implemented in a self-sensing drive so its applicability to self-sensing BLDC motor drives is verified. Simulation and experimental results are given and discussed to show that the proposed method actually is able to improve torque production

Predictive current control of asynchronous machines by optimizing the switching moments

In this paper a model-based predictive control (MBPC) scheme for the current control of induction machines is presented. The controller directly selects the optimal switch state of the inverter. The proposed scheme uses a longer prediction horizon and a limited amount of optimal switching instants to reduce the average switching frequency. The next iteration of the MBPC-scheme is performed at the established optimal switching instant, as such suppressing the receding horizon property for short time spans. The proposed method is compared to a more conventional MBPC-scheme with a very short prediction horizon. Both simulations and experiments clearly show a significant reduction in average switching frequency. However, with a reduction in switching frequency the torque ripple is increased. To correctly asses the properties of the different schemes, a key performance indicator is proposed that offers a fair and unbiased comparison in terms of switching frequency and torque ripple

High-frequency issues using rotating voltage injections intended for position self-sensing

The rotor position is required in many control schemes in electrical drives. Replacing position sensors by machine self-sensing estimators increases reliability and reduces cost. Solutions based on tracking magnetic anisotropies through the monitoring of the incremental inductance variations are efficient at low-speed and standstill operations. This inductance can be estimated by measuring the response to the injection of high-frequency signals. In general however, the selection of the optimal frequency is not addressed thoroughly. In this paper, we propose discrete-time operations based on a rotating voltage injection at frequencies up to one third of the sampling frequency used by the digital controller. The impact on the rotation-drive, the computational requirement, the robustness and the effect of the resistance on the position estimation are analyzed regarding the signal frequency

An improved two-vector model predictive torque control based on RMS duty ratio optimization for pmsm

This paper proposes an improved two-vector model-predictive torque control (MPTC) strategy to reduce the average torque ripple and improve the flux tracking performance. When determining the duty ratio of vector combination, this method aims at restricting the root mean square (RMS) error of both torque and flux during the whole control period. Every vector combination and corresponding time duration are evaluated in the cost function, which leads to global restriction of torque ripple and flux ripple. In order to avoid increasing switching frequency and computational burden, a restriction is added on the second vector. The three candidates of the second vector are the two adjacent vectors of the first one and zero vector. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy

Torque analysis on a double rotor electrical variable transmission with hybrid excitation

An electrical variable transmission (EVT) can be used as a power splitting device in hybrid electrical vehicles. The EVT analyzed in this paper is a rotating field electrical machine having two concentric rotors. On the outer rotor, permanent magnets (PMs) are combined with a dc-field winding, being the first implementation of its kind. The magnetic field in the machine as well as the electromagnetic torque on both rotors are a function of the q- and d-axis currents of the stator and inner rotor, as well as the dc-field current. To describe and fully understand this multiple-input multiple-output machine, this paper gives an overview of the influence of the different current inputs on the flux linkage and torque on both rotors. Focus is given to the hybrid excitation in the d-axis by combining the dc-field current and the alternating currents. This has the advantage compared to other EVT topologies that unwanted stator torque can be avoided without stator d-axis current flux weakening. Results of the analysis are presented by means of the torque to current characteristics of a double rotor PM-assisted EVT, as well as the torque to current ratios. The machine characteristics are finally experimentally verified on a prototype machine

A voltage-source inverter for microgrid applications with an inner current control loop and an outer voltage control loop

Distributed generation (DG) units are commonly inter-faced to the grid by using voltage-source inverters (VSI’s). Extension of the control of these inverters allows to improve the power quality if the main power grid is disturbed or disconnected. In this paper, a control technique is developed for a VSI working in island mode. The control technique is designed in the time domain, combining an inner current control loop with an outer voltage control loop. Voltage regulation under various linear and non-linear load disturbances is studied

FPGA-based implementation of the back-EMF symmetric-threshold-tracking sensorless commutation method for brushless DC-machines

The operation of brushless DC permanent-magnet machines requires information of the rotor position to steer the semiconductor switches of the power-supply module which is commonly referred to as Brushless Commutation. Different sensorless techniques have been proposed to estimate the rotor position using current and voltage measurements of the machine. Detection of the back-electromotive force (EMF) zero-crossing moments is one of the methods most used to achieve sensorless control by predicting the commutation moments. Most of the techniques based on this phenomenon have the inherit disadvantage of an indirect detection of commutation moments. This is the result of the commutation moment occurring 30 electrical degrees after the zero-crossing of the induced back-emf in the unexcited phase. Often, the time difference between the zero crossing of the back-emf and the optimal current commutation is assumed constant. This assumption can be valid for steady-state operation, however a varying time difference should be taken into account during transient operation of the BLDC machine. This uncertainty degrades the performance of the drive during transients. To overcome this problem which improves the performance while keeping the simplicity of the back-emf zero-crossing detection method an enhancement is proposed. The proposed sensorless method operates parameterless in a way it uses none of the brushless dc-machine parameters. In this paper different aspects of experimental implementation of the new method as well as various aspects of the FPGA programming are discussed. Proposed control method is implemented within a Xilinx Spartan 3E XC3S500E board

Feed-forward control method for digital power factor correction in parallel connected buck-boost converter (CCM mode)

Amongst power converters, rectifiers are needed by many devices that are connected at the distribution end of AC electrical power networks. When large capacitors are used to reduce the voltage ripple at the dc output, the line current becomes non-sinusoidal. Such non-sinusoidal line currents increase the total harmonic distortion, resulting in significant power losses within the power network. The power factor correction converter or PFC converter is a well-known alternative to generate a flat dc voltage while shaping the input current to the input ac grid voltage, emulating a resistive behavior. As the parallel connection of PFC converters is a promising way to achieve a higher power rating, questions arise on balancing the current and power over these connected converters. In this paper, based on the differential equations of a buck-boost converter, a method is obtained to compute the duty cycles of the semiconductor devices aimed at obtaining the unity power factor while balancing the current. Feed-forward algorithms are used to tune the model parameters in order to strongly reduce the input current harmonics. The proposed scheme is simulated in MATLAB and results are given showing that the proposed algorithms result in a good power factor correction