Εκτίμηση σεισμικής επιτελεστικότητας πολυώροφου κτιρίου από χάλυβα με ασύμμετρη κάτοψη

Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Δομοστατικός Σχεδιασμός και Ανάλυση των Κατασκευών

Anisotropy effects on Rashba and topological insulator spin polarized surface states: a unified phenomenological description

Spin polarized two-dimensional electronic states have been previously observed on metallic surface alloys with giant Rashba splitting and on the surface of topological insulators. We study the surface band structure of these systems, in a unified manner, by exploiting recent results of k.p theory. The model suggests a different way to address the effect of anisotropy in Rashba systems. Changes in the surface band structure of various Rashba compounds can be captured by a single effective parameter which quantifies the competition between the Rashba effect and the hexagonal warping of the constant energy contours. The same model provides a unified phenomenological description of the surface states belonging to materials with topologically trivial and non-trivial band structures.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Spectroscopic Studies on Semiconducting Interfaces with Giant Spin Splitting

The application of an external magnetic field can lift the spin degeneracy of electronic states through its interaction with the electronic magnetic moment. A closely-related phenomenon is the Rashba-Bychkov (RB) effect where symmetry breaking at surfaces or interfaces gives rise to an electric field which is in turn seen as an effective magnetic field in the electrons' rest frame. The resulting k-dependent energy splitting of spin-polarized electronic states has been observed on various metal surfaces but the effect is much larger in artificially-grown surface alloys; such as the BiAg2 grown at the surface of Ag(111). The spin splitting magnitude observed in these systems might be very useful in spintronics applications since it could decrease the spin precession time in a spin transistor and distinguish between the extrinsic and intrinsic spin Hall effects. Nevertheless, their metallic character poses serious obstacles in the exploitation of the RB effect due to the presence of spin-degenerate electronic states at the Fermi level which would dominate transport experiments. We have used angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) to explore the RB effects on various artificially grown structures, formed on semiconducting substrates. The interplay of quantum confinement and giant RB splitting on a trilayer Si(111)-Ag-BiAg2 system reveals the formation of a complex spin-dependent structure, which can be externally tuned by varying the Ag layer thickness. This provides a means to tailor the electronic structure and spin polarization near the Fermi level, with potential applications on Si-compatible spintronic devices. Moreover, we have discovered a giant spin splitting in a true semiconducting system, namely the Si(111)-Bi trimer phase. The size of the RB parameters is comparable to those of metallic surface alloys. Using theoretical models we have identified the peculiar band topology as the origin of the giant spin splitting on the Bi/Si(111) system. All our findings are supported by relativistic first-principles calculations. Finally, a chapter of this thesis manuscript is devoted to the description of phenomeno-logical theoretical simulation, which can capture the experimental results related to the RB effect on low-dimensional systems. A parallel experimental project is discussed in a separate chapter. It has been focused on the band topology of the novel p(2 × 2) reconstruction of the Pt(111)-Ag-Bi trilayer. We investigated the symmetry properties of the interface states by varying the amount of Ag. ARPES results present the electronic signature of a strain-related structural transition

Analysis of potential applications for the templated dewetting of metal thin films

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references.Thin films have a high surface-to-volume ratio and are therefore usually morphologically unstable. They tend to reduce their surface energy through transport of mass by diffusion. As a result, they decay into a collection of small isolated islands or particles. This solid-state process, known as thin film dewetting, can be initiated by grooving at grain boundaries or triple junctions. Dewetting of thin films on topographically modified substrates has many interesting characteristics. It is a novel self-assembly process for the formation of well-ordered nanoparticle arrays with narrow size distributions and uniform crystallographic orientation. Potential applications of particles resulting from templated thin film solid-state dewetting are reviewed. Applications in patterned magnetic information-storage media, plasmon waveguides, and catalytic growth of ordered arrays of semiconducting nanowires and carbon nanotubes are discussed. Templated dewetting technology has not been fully developed, and technological barriers are identified for all of the commercial applications considered.(cont.) However, the self-assembly characteristics of templated dewetting may ultimately offer advantages in the manufacture of both patterned media and catalytic nanomaterial growth technologies.by Emmanouil Frantzeskakis.M.Eng

A band structure scenario for the giant spin-orbit splitting observed at the Bi/Si(111) interface

The Bi/Si(111) (sqrt{3} x sqrt{3})R30 trimer phase offers a prime example of a giant spin-orbit splitting of the electronic states at the interface with a semiconducting substrate. We have performed a detailed angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) study to clarify the complex topology of the hybrid interface bands. The analysis of the ARPES data, guided by a model tight-binding calculation, reveals a previously unexplored mechanism at the origin of the giant spin-orbit splitting, which relies primarily on the underlying band structure. We anticipate that other similar interfaces characterized by trimer structures could also exhibit a large effect.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figure

A chemical imaging and Nano-ARPES study of well-ordered thermally reduced SrTiO3(100)

The structural and electronic properties of thermally reduced SrTiO3(100) single crystals have been investigated using a probe with real- and reciprocal-space sensitivity: a synchrotron radiation microsopic setup which offers the possibility of Scanning Photoemission Microscopy and Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARPES) down to the nanometric scale. We have spectroscopically imaged the chemical composition of samples which present reproducible and suitable low-energy electron diffraction patterns after following well-established thermal reduction protocols. At the micrometric scale, Ca-rich areas have been directly imaged using high-energy resolution core level photoemission. Moreover, we have monitored the effect of Ca segregation on different features of the SrTiO3(100) electronic band structure, measuring ARPES inside, outside and at the interface of surface inhomogeneities with the identified Ca-rich areas. In particular, the interaction of Ca with the well-known intragap localized state, previously attributed to oxygen vacancies, has been investigated. Moreover, the combination of direct imaging and spectroscopic techniques with high spatial resolution has clarified the long-standing dilemma related to the bulk or surface character of Ca segregation in SrTiO3. Our results present solid evidence that the penetration depth of Ca segregation is very small. In contrast to what has been previously proposed, the origin of long-range surface reconstructions can unlikely be associated to Ca due to strong local variations of its surface concentration.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Tunable spin-gaps in a quantum-confined geometry

We have studied the interplay of a giant spin-orbit splitting and of quantum confinement in artificial Bi-Ag-Si trilayer structures. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) reveals the formation of a complex spin-dependent gap structure, which can be tuned by varying the thickness of the Ag buffer layer. This provides a means to tailor the electronic structure at the Fermi energy, with potential applications for silicon-compatible spintronic devices

Anisotropic spin gaps in BiAg2_2-Ag/Si(111)

We present a detailed analysis of the band structure of the BiAg$_2$/Ag/Si(111) trilayer system by means of high resolution Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES). BiAg2/Ag/Si(111) exhibits a complex spin polarized electronic structure due to giant spin-orbit interactions. We show that a complete set of constant energy ARPES maps, supplemented by a modified nearly free electron calculation, provides a unique insight into the structure of the spin polarized bands and spin gaps. We also show that the complex gap structure can be continuously tuned in energy by a controlled deposition of an alkali metal.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Gold-induced nanowires on the Ge(100) surface yield a 2D, and not a 1D electronic structure

Atomic nanowires on semiconductor surfaces induced by the adsorption of metallic atoms have attracted a lot of attention as possible hosts of the elusive, Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. The Au/Ge(100) system in particular is the subject of controversy as to whether the Au-induced nanowires do indeed host exotic, 1D metallic states. We report on a thorough study of the electronic properties of high quality nanowires formed at the Au/Ge(100) surface. High resolution ARPES data show the low-lying Au-induced electronic states to possess a dispersion relation that depends on two orthogonal directions in k-space. Comparison of the E(k$_x$,k$_y$) surface measured using ARPES to tight-binding calculations yields hopping parameters in the two different directions that differ by a factor of two. We find that the larger of the two hopping parameters corresponds, in fact, to the direction perpendicular to the nanowires (t$_{\perp}$). This, the topology of the $E$=$E_F$ contour in k$_{\||}$, and the fact that $t_{\||}$/$t_{\perp}\sim 0.5$ proves that the Au-induced electron pockets possess a 2D, closed Fermi surface, this firmly places the Au/Ge(100) nanowire system outside being a potential hosts of a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. We combine these ARPES data with STS measurements of the spatially-resolved electronic structure and find that the spatially straight conduction channels observed up to energies of order one electron volt below the Fermi level do not originate from the Au-induced states seen in the ARPES data. The former are more likely to be associated with bulk Ge states that are localized to the subsurface region. Despite our proof of the 2D nature of the Au-induced nanowire and sub-surface Ge-related states, an anomalous suppression of the density of states at the Fermi level is observed in both the STS and ARPES data, this phenomenon is discussed in the light of the effects of disorder.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figure

ARPES insights on the metallic states of YbB6(001): E(k) dispersion, temporal changes and spatial variation

We report high resolution Angle Resolved PhotoElectron Spectroscopy (ARPES) results on the (001) cleavage surface of YbB$_{6}$, a rare-earth compound which has been recently predicted to host surface electronic states with topological character. We observe two types of well-resolved metallic states, whose Fermi contours encircle the time-reversal invariant momenta of the YbB$_{6}$(001) surface Brillouin zone, and whose full (E,$k$)-dispersion relation can be measured wholly unmasked by states from the rest of the electronic structure. Although the two-dimensional character of these metallic states is confirmed by their lack of out-of-plane dispersion, two new aspects are revealed in these experiments. Firstly, these states do not resemble two branches of opposite, linear velocity that cross at a Dirac point, but rather straightforward parabolas which terminate to high binding energy with a clear band bottom. Secondly, these states are sensitive to time-dependent changes of the YbB$_{6}$ surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Adding the fact that these data from cleaved YbB$_{6}$ surfaces also display spatial variations in the electronic structure, it appears there is little in common between the theoretical expectations for an idealized YbB$_{6}$(001) crystal truncation on the one hand, and these ARPES data from real cleavage surfaces on the other.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures (accepted in Physical Review B