Measuring poly(acrylamide) flocculants in fresh water using inter-polymer complex formation

YesA novel detection method for poly(acrylamide) flocculants was developed using interpolymer complexation between flocculants and a probe (poly(acrylic acid-co-acenaphthylene)). This detection method was tested in fresh water situations and found to be robust against a range of contaminants; additionally it was capable of detecting levels of flocculant dosing below 1 mg l−1. This method is remarkably fast and requires little sample modification compared to existing methods of detection

An East Coast Winter Storm Precipitation Climatology

East Coast Winter Storms (ECWS) can have tremendous impacts throughout the eastern regions of the United States. Forecasting influences from these storms, particularly long range and due to seasonal variations, is extremely challenging. Using a previously compiled climatology of ECWS events, an ECWS precipitation climatology is developed for the eastern United States from 1951-1952 to 2005-2006, using an automated procedure. This climatology consists of the percentage of snowfall and precipitation from ECWS, on average per snow year. The exclusion of non-ECWS snowfall and precipitation during ECWS events is accomplished by utilizing a precipitation gradient line, a pressure gradient line, and the presence of a non-ECWS, if applicable. The issue of excluding lake effect snow (LES) is also addressed. This same climatology is developed for rapidly deepening ECWS, termed ?bombs? by previous studies. A sensitivity analysis of the ECWS precipitation climatology is investigated considering the following scenarios during an event: the absence of any process for identifying ECWS snowfall or precipitation, the absence of any process for classifying LES, and a comparison of two methods for classification of LES. The ECWS precipitation climatology is then analyzed for relationships to ENSO phases and ECWS frequency, by snow year, and for the presence of time dependent trends. The climatology reveals the highest percentages of snowfall from ECWS, on average per snow year, are located in a swath from southeastern Mississippi to northeastern Georgia, with percentages typically ranging from 65 to 80%. While the highest percentages of precipitation from ECWS, on average per snow year, are located along the east coast from the Delaware and Maryland border, northward to Maine, with percentages generally from 20 to 25%. No time dependent trends are evident for the amount of precipitation or snowfall from ECWS, nor are they evident for the percentage of precipitation or snowfall from ECWS. In northern New England and along the urban corridor of the Northeast, including the cities of Washington DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston, El Ni?o years signal above average precipitation and snowfall amounts from ECWS, in addition to above average percentage of precipitation and snowfall from ECWS. While in portions of the Appalachian Mountains and the Southeast, La Ni?a years signal a below average percentage of precipitation from ECWS. Finally, high (low) ECWS occurrence snow years, or active (inactive) seasons, signal above (below) average ECWS precipitation amounts and percentage of precipitation from ECWS. Specifically, for the large metropolitan centers of the Northeast, high ECWS occurrence snow years, or active seasons, signal above average ECWS precipitation and snowfall amounts, above average total precipitation and snowfall amounts, and above average percentage of precipitation and snowfall from ECWS. In contrast, low ECWS occurrence snow years, or inactive seasons, signal below average ECWS precipitation and snowfall amounts, below average total precipitation amounts, and below average percentage of precipitation from ECWS. i

ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS BY ALKALI-FUSION REACTION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. PART I: ANALYSIS OF CARBOXYLIC ESTERS BY ALKALI-FUSION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. PART II: ANALYSIS OF AMIDE, UREA, AND NITRILE COMPOUNDS BY ALKALI-FUSION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

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Extratropical cyclone climatology across eastern Canada

Extratropical cyclone (ETC) tracks across eastern Canada are examined by applying a Lagrangian tracking algorithm to the lower-tropospheric relative vorticity field of reanalysis data. Both the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability of ETCs are quantified in terms of overall cyclone frequency, intensity, and regions of development and decay. We find that ETCs travelling to eastern Canada tend to develop over the Rockies, the Great Lakes and the US East Coast. The ETCs are most intense over Newfoundland and the North Atlantic Ocean, confirming previous findings. While ETCs at cities along the Atlantic coastline (e.g. St. John's) are dominated by East Coast cyclones (which are intense in winter), those inland (e.g. Toronto) track primarily from the Great Lakes. ETCs that develop over the Gulf of Mexico affect eastern Canada infrequently, but those that do tend to be intense. The interannual variability of the wintertime ETCs is influenced by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Significant ENSO-related variability is found over most regions of southern Canada, except on the east coast. Although ETCs at Toronto are significantly modulated by ENSO, no visible changes are found at St. John's. These ENSO-related ETC changes are mostly due to the shifts in ETC development regions, with minor changes in the travelling direction of ETCs.Y