Comprehensive Analysis Reveals Dynamic and Evolutionary Plasticity of Rab GTPases and Membrane Traffic in Tetrahymena thermophila

Cellular sophistication is not exclusive to multicellular organisms, and unicellular eukaryotes can resemble differentiated animal cells in their complex network of membrane-bound structures. These comparisons can be illuminated by genome-wide surveys of key gene families. We report a systematic analysis of Rabs in a complex unicellular Ciliate, including gene prediction and phylogenetic clustering, expression profiling based on public data, and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagging. Rabs are monomeric GTPases that regulate membrane traffic. Because Rabs act as compartment-specific determinants, the number of Rabs in an organism reflects intracellular complexity. The Tetrahymena Rab family is similar in size to that in humans and includes both expansions in conserved Rab clades as well as many divergent Rabs. Importantly, more than 90% of Rabs are expressed concurrently in growing cells, while only a small subset appears specialized for other conditions. By localizing most Rabs in living cells, we could assign the majority to specific compartments. These results validated most phylogenetic assignments, but also indicated that some sequence-conserved Rabs were co-opted for novel functions. Our survey uncovered a rare example of a nuclear Rab and substantiated the existence of a previously unrecognized core Rab clade in eukaryotes. Strikingly, several functionally conserved pathways or structures were found to be associated entirely with divergent Rabs. These pathways may have permitted rapid evolution of the associated Rabs or may have arisen independently in diverse lineages and then converged. Thus, characterizing entire gene families can provide insight into the evolutionary flexibility of fundamental cellular pathways

Rede bei der am 28. Januar 1855 stattgegebenen Gedächtnisfeier am jüdisch-theologischen Seminar zu Breslau

von Z. FrankelAus: Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthum

Die Eidesleistung der Juden in theologischer und historischer Beziehung

von Z. Franke

Entwurf einer Geschichte der Literatur der nachtalmudischen Responsen

von Z. Franke

Dr. Bernhard Beer : ein Lebens- u. Zeitbild

von Z. Frankel

Mevoʾ ha-Yerushalmi

me-et Zekharya Franḳelמאת זכריה פראנקעלVeröffentlicht in BreslauHebräisch, in hebräischer Schrif

Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

Letter from the Zacharias Frankel Lodge No. 242 of B'nai Brith discussing an upcoming Diamond Jubilee

Darkhe ha-Mishnah : ṿe-darkhe ha-sefarim ha-nilṿim eleha, Tosefta, Mekhilta, Sifra, Sifre.

Added t.p. in Latin: Hodegetica in Mischna: limbrosque cum ea conjunctos Tosefta, Mechilta, Sifra, Sifri.Spine title: Darke hamischnah.Includes bibliographical references and index.Mode of access: Internet

Programm zur Eröffnung des jüdisch-theologischen Seminars zu Breslau : Fränckel'sche Stiftung den 16. Ab 5614./10. August 1954.

Ueber palästinische und alexandrinische Schriftforschung / Z. Frankel -- Zur Geschichte des jüdisch-theologischen Seminars / vom Kuratorium.Mode of access: Internet