THE GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT IN THE DIOCESE OF GOSPIĆ AND SENJ

Naziv “glagoljica” javlja se u Hrvatskoj u 14. stoljeću. Tim pismom pisane su mnoge liturgijske knjige, književno-umjetnički tekstovi, pravni spisi i spisi osobne korespondencije. Teorije o postanku glagoljice su raznovrsne i višebrojne (egzogene, egzogenoendogene, endogene), a svakako pažnju zaslužuje teorija o glagoljici kao hrvatskom pismu. Među tipovima glagoljice razlikujemo: oblu (okruglu), uglatu (ustavnu) i kurzivnu, a neki autori govore i o trokutastoj. Kolijevkom glagoljice na hrvatskom prostoru smatra se otok Krk, a potom dio hrvatskog Primorja koji je u stara vremena spadao pod Krčku i Rapsku biskupiju (Senj, Gacka, Modruš i Bužani u Lici). S otoka Krka glagoljica i staroslavenski jezik došli su u Senj i proširili se prema unutrašnjosti, tj. u Krbavskoj ili Modruškoj biskupiji. Glavnina tog područja danas pripada Gospićko- senjskoj biskupiji. Ključan trenutak u povijesti glagoljice na ovom području je pismo pape Inocenta IV. senjskom biskupu Filipu 1248. godine, kojim mu se dozvoljava koristiti glagoljicu u svojoj biskupiji. U Senju je djelovala prva tiskara o kojoj imamo sigurne podatke. U 17. stoljeću dolazi do rusifikacije (istočnoslavenizacije) liturgijskih knjiga, a u 18. stoljeću do uvođenja narodnog jezika u liturgiji – šćaveta. Borba između rusificirane redakcije liturgijskih knjiga i šćaveta okončana je potkraj 19. stoljeća odredbom biskupa Jurja Posilovića da se u liturgiju vrati hrvatska redakcija staroslavenskog jezika koja se koristila prije rusifikacije. Među natpisima na kamenim spomenicima svakako je najvažnija Senjska ploča iz početka 12. stoljeća. Uz kamene spomenike, veliki broj glagoljskih zapisa može se pronaći u rukopisima i tiskanim knjigama. O glagoljici je napisano puno članaka i knjiga, mnogo stručnjaka bavilo se ovim pitanjem, raspravljalo i iznosilo rezultate svojih istraživanja, a u ovom radu nastoji se sažeto predstaviti što je do sada rečeno i napisano o toj tematici.The name “glagoljica” (Glagolitic script) appears in Croatia in the 14th century. This alphabet was used in the production of many liturgical books,literary-artistic text, legal documents as well as in the personal correspondence. The theories of the genesis of the Glagolitic script are manifold (egzogenous, egzogenous-endogenous, endogenous). Noteworthy is the theory that the Glagolitic script is the autochthonous Croatian script. Among the types of the Glagolitic script we can distinguish the round, the angular, the italic, while some authors mention the triangular type too. The cradle of the Glagolitic script in Croatia is the island of Krk, and the part of the Croatian Coastal region which in the past belonged to the diocese of Krk and Rab (Senj, Gacka, Modruš and Bužani in Lika). From the island of Krk, the Glagolitic script and the old Slavonic language came to Senj and spread towards the hinterland, i.e. towards the diocese of Krbava or Modruš, which today mostly belongs to the diocese of Gospić and Senj. The key moment in the history of Glagolitic script in this region is the letter of pope Innocent the 4th, to the bishop Filip of Senj, in the year 1248, by which he is allowed to use the Glagolitic script in his diocese. The first printing house firmly attested by the historical sources was in the city of Senj. In the 17th century, the church books are Russified (amalgamated to the Eastern Slavic traditions and language), while in the 18th century, the popular language (šćavet) is introduced into the liturgy. The contest between the Russified redaction of the liturgical books and the šćavet was ended by the end of the 19th century, by the decree of the bishop Juraj Posilović, which imposed the return of Croatian redaction of the old Slavic language into the liturgical use. Among the inscriptions on the stone monuments the most important is the table of Senj from the beginning of the 12th century. Beside the stone monuments, a great number of Glagolitic inscriptions can be found in the manuscripts and the printed books. Many books and articles were written on this theme, many experts dealt with this question, discussed and presented the results of their researches, and in this article, we intend to briefly present what was written up until now

THE GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT IN THE DIOCESE OF GOSPIĆ AND SENJ

Naziv “glagoljica” javlja se u Hrvatskoj u 14. stoljeću. Tim pismom pisane su mnoge liturgijske knjige, književno-umjetnički tekstovi, pravni spisi i spisi osobne korespondencije. Teorije o postanku glagoljice su raznovrsne i višebrojne (egzogene, egzogenoendogene, endogene), a svakako pažnju zaslužuje teorija o glagoljici kao hrvatskom pismu. Među tipovima glagoljice razlikujemo: oblu (okruglu), uglatu (ustavnu) i kurzivnu, a neki autori govore i o trokutastoj. Kolijevkom glagoljice na hrvatskom prostoru smatra se otok Krk, a potom dio hrvatskog Primorja koji je u stara vremena spadao pod Krčku i Rapsku biskupiju (Senj, Gacka, Modruš i Bužani u Lici). S otoka Krka glagoljica i staroslavenski jezik došli su u Senj i proširili se prema unutrašnjosti, tj. u Krbavskoj ili Modruškoj biskupiji. Glavnina tog područja danas pripada Gospićko- senjskoj biskupiji. Ključan trenutak u povijesti glagoljice na ovom području je pismo pape Inocenta IV. senjskom biskupu Filipu 1248. godine, kojim mu se dozvoljava koristiti glagoljicu u svojoj biskupiji. U Senju je djelovala prva tiskara o kojoj imamo sigurne podatke. U 17. stoljeću dolazi do rusifikacije (istočnoslavenizacije) liturgijskih knjiga, a u 18. stoljeću do uvođenja narodnog jezika u liturgiji – šćaveta. Borba između rusificirane redakcije liturgijskih knjiga i šćaveta okončana je potkraj 19. stoljeća odredbom biskupa Jurja Posilovića da se u liturgiju vrati hrvatska redakcija staroslavenskog jezika koja se koristila prije rusifikacije. Među natpisima na kamenim spomenicima svakako je najvažnija Senjska ploča iz početka 12. stoljeća. Uz kamene spomenike, veliki broj glagoljskih zapisa može se pronaći u rukopisima i tiskanim knjigama. O glagoljici je napisano puno članaka i knjiga, mnogo stručnjaka bavilo se ovim pitanjem, raspravljalo i iznosilo rezultate svojih istraživanja, a u ovom radu nastoji se sažeto predstaviti što je do sada rečeno i napisano o toj tematici.The name “glagoljica” (Glagolitic script) appears in Croatia in the 14th century. This alphabet was used in the production of many liturgical books,literary-artistic text, legal documents as well as in the personal correspondence. The theories of the genesis of the Glagolitic script are manifold (egzogenous, egzogenous-endogenous, endogenous). Noteworthy is the theory that the Glagolitic script is the autochthonous Croatian script. Among the types of the Glagolitic script we can distinguish the round, the angular, the italic, while some authors mention the triangular type too. The cradle of the Glagolitic script in Croatia is the island of Krk, and the part of the Croatian Coastal region which in the past belonged to the diocese of Krk and Rab (Senj, Gacka, Modruš and Bužani in Lika). From the island of Krk, the Glagolitic script and the old Slavonic language came to Senj and spread towards the hinterland, i.e. towards the diocese of Krbava or Modruš, which today mostly belongs to the diocese of Gospić and Senj. The key moment in the history of Glagolitic script in this region is the letter of pope Innocent the 4th, to the bishop Filip of Senj, in the year 1248, by which he is allowed to use the Glagolitic script in his diocese. The first printing house firmly attested by the historical sources was in the city of Senj. In the 17th century, the church books are Russified (amalgamated to the Eastern Slavic traditions and language), while in the 18th century, the popular language (šćavet) is introduced into the liturgy. The contest between the Russified redaction of the liturgical books and the šćavet was ended by the end of the 19th century, by the decree of the bishop Juraj Posilović, which imposed the return of Croatian redaction of the old Slavic language into the liturgical use. Among the inscriptions on the stone monuments the most important is the table of Senj from the beginning of the 12th century. Beside the stone monuments, a great number of Glagolitic inscriptions can be found in the manuscripts and the printed books. Many books and articles were written on this theme, many experts dealt with this question, discussed and presented the results of their researches, and in this article, we intend to briefly present what was written up until now

Differential heat stability of amphenicols characterized by structural degradation, mass spectrometry and antimicrobial activity

Heat stability of amphenicols and the relationship between structural degradation and antimicrobial activity after heating has not been well investigated. Florfenicol (FF), thiamphenicol (TAP), and chloramphenicol (CAP) were heated at 100 degrees C in water, salt water, soybean sauce and chicken meat for up to 2 h. Degradation and antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV-DAD spectrometry, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and gas chromatography with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Heat stability of amphenicols in matrices was ranked as water >= salt water > soybean sauce > meat, suggesting that heat degradation of amphenicols was accelerated in soybean sauce and was not protected in meat. Heat stability by drug and matrices was ranked as FF > TAP = CAP in water, FF = TAP > CAP in salt water, TAP >= FF = CAP in soybean sauce, and TAP >= FF = CAP in meat, indicating differential heat stability of amphenicols among the 3 drugs and in different matrices. In accordance with the less than 20% degradation, the MIC against Escherichia colt and Staphylococcus aureus did not change after 2 h heating in water. A 5-min heating of amphenicols in water by microwave oven generated comparable percentage degradation to boiling in water bath for 30 min to 1 h. Both CE and GC-MS analysis showed that heating of FF produced TAP but not FF amine as one of its breakdown products. In conclusion, despite close similarity in structure; amphenicols exhibited differential behavior toward heating degradation in solutions and protein matrices. Although higher degradations of amphenicols were observed in soybean sauce and meat, heating treatment may generate product with antimicrobial activity (FF to TAP), therefore, heating of amphenicol residues in food cannot always be assumed safe. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserve

Electrochemical profiling using copper nanoparticle-plated electrode for identification of ostrich meat and evaluation of meat grades

Electrochemical (EC) profiling employing copper nanoparticle-plated screen-printed electrode (Cu(n)-SPE) exhibited specific selectivity and sensitivity to peptides that could efficiently differentiate ostrich meat from pork, beef and chicken, and to evaluate grades and freshness of ostrich meat. The four meats were differentiated in 5 min by characteristic chromatographic profiles consisting only four major peaks. Peak identification by LC/MS/MS suggested that while lysine and glutamine were shown as common components, anserine were the avian-specific and carnosine was the ostrich-missing peptide in the EC profile. Statistical analysis (ROC curve) demonstrated that peak ratios could be used to evaluate ostrich meat grades with high sensitivity (up to 95%) and specificity (up to 100%). The effects of storage temperature and time were studied for potential use of Cu(n)-SPE to evaluate meat freshness. This HPLC-EC method appeared to be superior to UV detection in terms of profile simplicity and devoid of derivatisation process or complex sample extraction procedures, rendering it a suitable method for routine rapid differentiation of ostrich meat from common meat species with the ability to simultaneously differentiate ostrich meat grades. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved