In search for classification and selection of spare parts suitable for additive manufacturing: a literature review

This paper reviews the literature on additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and equipment, and spare parts classification criteria to propose a systematic process for selecting spare parts which are suitable for AM. This systematic process identifies criteria that can be used to select spare parts that are suitable for AM. The review found that there is limited research that addresses identifying processes for spare parts selection for AM, even though companies have identified this to be a key challenge in adopting AM. Seven areas for future research are identified relating to the methodology of spare parts selection for AM, processes for cross-functional integration in selecting spare parts for AM, broadening the spare parts portfolio that is suitable for AM (by considering usage of AM in conjunction with conventional technologies), and potential impact of AM on product modularity and integrality

Nanoscale Electron Transfer Variations at Electrocatalyst Electrolyte Interfaces Resolved by in Situ Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy

Rational innovation of electrocatalysts requires detailed knowledge of spatial property variations across the solid electrolyte interface. We introduce correlative atomic force microscopy AFM to simultaneously probe, in situ and at the nanoscale, electrical conductivity, chemical frictional, and morphological properties of a bimetallic copper gold system for CO2 electroreduction. In air, water, and bicarbonate electrolyte, current voltage curves reveal resistive CuOx islands in line with local current contrasts, while frictional imaging indicates qualitative variations in the hydration layer molecular ordering upon change from water to electrolyte. Nanoscale current contrast on polycrystalline Au shows resistive grain boundaries and electrocatalytically passive adlayer regions. In situ conductive AFM imaging in water shows mesoscale regions of low current and reveals that reduced interfacial electric currents are accompanied by increased friction forces, thus indicating variations in the interfacial molecular ordering affected by the electrolyte composition and ionic species. These findings provide insights into how local electrochemical environments and adsorbed species affect interfacial charge transfer processes and support building in situ structure property relationships in catalysis and energy conversion researc

Do Direct Payments Distort Producers' Decisions? An Examination of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002

Do direct payments alter operators' acreage decisions? The authors use an event study with individual-level data in a panel-data setting to examine how an exogenous change in direct payments affects individual farmers' production decisions. They track changes in acreage across time and examine whether an exogenous, government implemented Act that allowed farmers to update base acres altered individual operators' acreage decisions. Results suggest that direct payments do change individual acreage decisions, ranging from approximately 44 to 78 acre increases (9 to 16% changes). Their results have no implications for aggregate production impacts. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.

The Changing Landscape for Stroke Prevention in AF Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Thrombosis and Hemostasi