La demande d'assurance dépendance dans un cadre trivarié.

Private insurance for long-term care is underdeveloped in European countries and in the US. This paper tries to understand why the market is underdevelopped by using a theoretical approach and putting the emphasis on insurance demand. It shows that demand for long term care insurance can be low because current and expected health condition of individuals have a strong effect on wealth utility and thus insurance demand. Individual preferences may lead some persons not to seek insure. The underdevelopped market of long-term care insurance might not be only due to insurance supply, market failures, family impacts or institutional design. It is analyzed as a direct consequence of individual preferences.dépendance; assurance dépendance; demande d'assurance;

Beginning an African Stock Markets Integration? A Wavelet Analysis

This paper examines the integration of the six largest African stock markets at different timescales. We want to see whether the numerous measures and reforms put in place to integrate the African stock markets are efficient. First, we used the Wavelet Multiple Correlation and the Wavelet Multiple Cross-Correlation proposed by Fernandez-Macho (2012). Then, we combine the spillovers index based on generalized vector autoregressive proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) with the Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform. We find that after all the reforms, African stock markets integration remains weak and tends to decline despite some small progress in the flow of financial information. We also find that the integration of African stock exchanges varies according to timescales. More efficient measures are therefore needed for the effective integration of African financial markets, but also for policies that better promote exchanges between these stock markets

Beginning an African Stock Markets Integration? A Wavelet Analysis

This paper examines the integration of the six largest African stock markets at different timescales. We want to see whether the numerous measures and reforms put in place to integrate the African stock markets are efficient. First, we used the Wavelet Multiple Correlation and the Wavelet Multiple Cross-Correlation proposed by Fernandez-Macho (2012). Then, we combine the spillovers index based on generalized vector autoregressive proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) with the Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform. We find that after all the reforms, African stock markets integration remains weak and tends to decline despite some small progress in the flow of financial information. We also find that the integration of African stock exchanges varies according to timescales. More efficient measures are therefore needed for the effective integration of African financial markets, but also for policies that better promote exchanges between these stock markets

Specific Impact of Tobamovirus Infection on the Arabidopsis Small RNA Profile

Tobamoviruses encode a silencing suppressor that binds small RNA (sRNA) duplexes in vitro and supposedly in vivo to counteract antiviral silencing. Here, we used sRNA deep-sequencing combined with transcriptome profiling to determine the global impact of tobamovirus infection on Arabidopsis sRNAs and their mRNA targets. We found that infection of Arabidopsis plants with Oilseed rape mosaic tobamovirus causes a global size-specific enrichment of miRNAs, ta-siRNAs, and other phased siRNAs. The observed patterns of sRNA enrichment suggest that in addition to a role of the viral silencing suppressor, the stabilization of sRNAs might also occur through association with unknown host effector complexes induced upon infection. Indeed, sRNA enrichment concerns primarily 21-nucleotide RNAs with a 5′-terminal guanine. Interestingly, ORMV infection also leads to accumulation of novel miRNA-like sRNAs from miRNA precursors. Thus, in addition to canonical miRNAs and miRNA*s, miRNA precursors can encode additional sRNAs that may be functional under specific conditions like pathogen infection. Virus-induced sRNA enrichment does not correlate with defects in miRNA-dependent ta-siRNA biogenesis nor with global changes in the levels of mRNA and ta-siRNA targets suggesting that the enriched sRNAs may not be able to significantly contribute to the normal activity of pre-loaded RISC complexes. We conclude that tobamovirus infection induces the stabilization of a specific sRNA pool by yet unknown effector complexes. These complexes may sequester viral and host sRNAs to engage them in yet unknown mechanisms involved in plant:virus interactions