TSH Receptor and Thyroid-Specific Gene Expression in Human Skin

Experimental evidence suggests that in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) the skin is a target of autoantibodies against thyroid-specific antigens; however, the role of these autoantibodies in skin alterations remains unclear. To gain insight into the function of nominally thyroid-specific genes in skin, we analyzed the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone–receptor (TSH-R), thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium iodide symporter (NIS), and thyroperoxidase (TPO) genes in normal human skin biopsies and cultured primary keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. The results revealed the presence of all the transcripts in skin biopsies. However, in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, only TSH-R messenger RNA was always detected. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of skin specimens confirmed the presence of TSH-R protein in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Moreover, TSH treatment induced the proliferation of cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts and increased keratinocyte intracellular cAMP. Finally, affinity-purified IgGs from serum of patients affected by Graves’ disease, but not by chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, stimulated cAMP accumulation in cultured keratinocytes, as well as their proliferation. In conclusion, the expression of thyroid-specific genes in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts and the mitogenic effects of TSH and IgGs on these cells support the concept that autoantibodies against thyroid-specific antigens may contribute to cutaneous symptoms in AITDs.JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article, please go to http://network.nature.com/group/jidclu

Implantable Therapeutic Reservoir Systems for Diverse Clinical Applications in Large Animal Models

Regenerative medicine approaches, specifically stem cell technologies, have demonstrated significant potential to treat a diverse array of pathologies. However, such approaches have resulted in a modest clinical benefit, which may be attributed to poor cell retention/survival at the disease site. A delivery system that facilitates regional and repeated delivery to target tissues can provide enhanced clinical efficacy of cell therapies when localized delivery of high doses of cells is required. In this study, a new regenerative reservoir platform (Regenervoir) is described for use in large animal models, with relevance to cardiac, abdominal, and soft tissue pathologies. Regenervoir incorporates multiple novel design features essential for clinical translation, with a focus on scalability, mechanism of delivery, fixation to target tissue, and filling/refilling with a therapeutic cargo, and is demonstrated in an array of clinical applications that are easily translated to human studies. Regenervoir consists of a porous reservoir fabricated from a single material, a flexible thermoplastic polymer, capable of delivering cargo via fill lines to target tissues. A radiopaque shear thinning hydrogel can be delivered to the therapy reservoir and multiple fixation methods (laparoscopic tacks and cyanoacrylate bioadhesive) can be used to secure Regenervoir to target tissues through a minimally invasive approach.In this study, a new regenerative reservoir platform (Regenervoir) is described for use in large animal models that are easily translated to human studies, with relevance to cardiac, abdominal, and soft tissue pathologies. Regenervoir incorporates multiple novel design features essential for clinical translation, with a focus on scalability, mechanism of delivery, fixation, and filling/refilling with a therapeutic cargo.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155890/1/adhm202000305.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155890/2/adhm202000305_am.pd

Italian Children Exposure to Bisphenol A: Biomonitoring Data from the LIFE PERSUADED Project

A human biomonitoring (HBM) study on bisphenol A (BPA) in Italian children and adolescents was performed within the LIFE PERSUADED project, considering the residing areas, sex and age. The median urinary BPA level was 7.02 mu g/L, with children living in the South of Italy or in urban areas having higher levels than those residing in the North or in rural areas. Children aged 4-6 years had higher BPA levels than those aged 7-10 and 11-14 years, but no differences were detected between sexes. The exposure in Italian children was higher compared to children from other countries, but lower than the HBM guidance value (135 mu g/L). The estimated daily intake was 0.17 mu g/kg body weight (bw) per day, about 24-fold below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake of 4 mu g/kg bw per day established by the European Food Safety Authority. However, this threshold was exceeded in 1.44% of the enrolled children, raising concern about the overall exposure of Italian young population

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in children with short stature: the Italian cohort of the GeNeSIS clinical study

Purpose: We examined auxological changes in growth hormone (GH)-treated children in Italy using data from the Italian cohort of the multinational observational Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study (GeNeSIS) of pediatric patients requiring GH treatment. Methods: We studied 711 children (median baseline age 9.6 years). Diagnosis associated with short stature was as determined by the investigator. Height standard deviation score (SDS) was evaluated yearly until final or near-final height (n = 78). Adverse events were assessed in all GH-treated patients. Results: The diagnosis resulting in GH treatment was GH deficiency (GHD) in 85.5 % of patients, followed by Turner syndrome (TS 6.6 %). Median starting GH dose was higher in patients with TS (0.30 mg/kg/week) than patients with GHD (0.23 mg/kg/week). Median (interquartile range) GH treatment duration was 2.6 (0.6\u20133.7) years. Mean (95 % confidence interval) final height SDS gain was 2.00 (1.27\u20132.73) for patients with organic GHD (n = 18) and 1.19 (0.97\u20131.40) for patients with idiopathic GHD (n = 41), but lower for patients with TS, 0.37 ( 120.03 to 0.77, n = 13). Final height SDS was > 122 for 94 % of organic GHD, 88 % of idiopathic GHD and 62 % of TS patients. Mean age at GH start was lower for organic GHD patients, and treatment duration was longer than for other groups, resulting in greater mean final height gain. GH-related adverse events occurred mainly in patients diagnosed with idiopathic GHD. Conclusions: Data from the Italian cohort of GeNeSIS showed auxological changes and safety of GH therapy consistent with results from international surveillance databases

EGFR Regulates the Expression of Keratinocyte-Derived Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor In Vitro and In Vivo

Recent advances in the knowledge of the EGFR pathway have revealed its contribution to distinct immune/ inflammatory functions of the epidermis. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of EGFR in the regulation of keratinocyte GM-CSF expression. In cultured human keratinocytes, proinflammatory cytokines synergized with TGF-α to induce GM-CSF expression. Accordingly, high epidermal levels of EGFR activation are associated with enhanced expression of GM-CSF in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis or allergic contact dermatitis. In cultured keratinocytes, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR activity reduced GM-CSF promoter transactivation, whereas genetic inhibition of AP-1 reduced expression of GM-CSF. Furthermore, EGFR activation enhanced TNF-α-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and DNA binding, whereas c-Jun silencing reduced GM-CSF expression. Using two different mouse models, we showed that the lack of a functional EGFR pathway was associated with reduced cytokine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, c-Jun and reduced keratinocyte-derived GM-CSF expression both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the analysis of GM-CSF expression in the skin of cancer patients treated with anti EGFR drugs showed an association between ERK activity, c-Jun phosphorylation, and epidermal GM-CSF expression. These data demonstrate that the EGFR pathway is critical for the upregulation of keratinocyte GM-CSF expression under conditions of cytokine stimulation

Dysregulation of MicroRNA biogenesis in diabetic skin

Clinical skin manifestations are common in diabetes, often being the first sign of the metabolic disorder. Molecular mechanisms underlying such defects are largely unknown. We investigated whether microRNAs (miRNAs), small non coding RNAs regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level and playing a role in skin homeostasis, are differentially expressed in diabetic and non-diabetic skin. miRNA profiling by microarray analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, a model of type I diabetes. More than 400 different mouse miRNA species were identified; expression analysis revealed a general downmodulation in diabetic skin. In detail, among the 30 most significantly modulated miRNAs, 27 were downregulated and 3 were upregulated in diabetic mice. Pathway analysis using Tarbase showed an enrichment of signature-miRNA target genes related to TGF-beta and Wnt signaling. We investigated whether miRNA alteration in diabetic skin associates with changes in the expression of genes involved in miRNA biogenesis. Dicer1, DCGR8, Drosha, Exportin 5, and Ago2 were analyzed by real time-PCR; all, but Ago2, were expressed at significantly lower levels in the skin of diabetic mice compared to non-diabetic controls. Reduction in selected miRNA expression levels and in miRNA biogenesis genes was confirmed in RNA extracted from the skin of db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes, in which also Ago2 was significantly reduced. In vitro experiments with human dermal fibroblasts showed that hypoxia (250 mM CoCl2 or 1% O2, for 24 hours), but not hyperglycemia (35 mM D-Glucose, for three weeks), induces Dicer and Drosha downregulation. These findings indicate decreased expression of the majority of modulated miRNAs in diabetic skin associated to reduced levels of genes responsible for miRNA biogenesis, and suggest that miRNA dysregulation is linked to the hypoxic condition of diabetic skin

Multiple Skin Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa Due to Altered Laminin-332 Function

Variably reduced expression of the basement membrane component laminin-332 (α3aβ3γ2) causes junctional epidermolysis bullosa generalized intermediate (JEB-GI), a skin fragility disorder with an increased susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in adulthood. Laminin-332 is highly expressed in several types of epithelial tumors and is central to signaling pathways that promote SCC tumorigenesis. However, laminin-332 mutations and expression in individuals affected by JEB-GI and suffering from recurrent SCCs have been poorly characterized. We studied a JEB-GI patient who developed over a hundred primary cutaneous SCCs. Molecular analysis combined with gene expression studies in patient skin and primary keratinocytes revealed that the patient is a functional hemizygous for the p.Cys1171* mutant allele which is transcribed in a stable mRNA encoding for a β3 chain shortened of the last two C-terminal amino acids (Cys1171-Lys1172). The lack of the Cys1171 residue involved in the C-terminal disulphide bond to γ2 chain did not prevent assembly, secretion, and proteolytic processing of the heterotrimeric molecule. Immunohistochemistry of SCC specimens revealed accumulation of mutant laminin-332 at the epithelial-stromal interface of invasive front. We conclude that the C-terminal disulphide bond is a structural element crucial for laminin-332 adhesion function in-vivo. By saving laminin-332 amount, processing, and signaling role the p.Cys1171* mutation may allow intrinsic pro-tumorigenic properties of the protein to be conveyed, thus contributing to invasiveness and recurrence of SCCs in this patient

Effects of Liraglutide on Weight Loss, Fat Distribution, and β-Cell Function in Obese Subjects With Prediabetes or Early Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. The risk depends significantly on adipose tissue distribution. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, is associated with weight loss, improved glycemic control, and reduced cardiovascular risk. We determined whether an equal degree of weight loss by liraglutide or lifestyle changes has a different impact on subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obese subjects with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty-two metformin-treated obese subjects with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, were randomized to liraglutide (1.8 mg/d) or lifestyle counseling. Changes in SAT and VAT levels (determined by abdominal MRI), insulin sensitivity (according to the Matsuda Index), and β-cell function (β-index) were assessed during a multiple-sampling oral glucose tolerance test; and circulating levels of IGF-I and IGF-II were assessed before and after a comparable weight loss (7% of initial body weight). RESULTS: After comparable weight loss, achieved by 20 patients per arm, and superimposable glycemic control, as reflected by HbA1c level (P = 0.60), reduction in VAT was significantly higher in the liraglutide arm than in the lifestyle arm (P = 0.028), in parallel with a greater improvement in β-index (P = 0.021). No differences were observed in SAT reduction (P = 0.64). IGF-II serum levels were significantly increased (P = 0.024) only with liraglutide administration, and the increase in IGF-II levels correlated with both a decrease in VAT (ρ=-0.435, P = 0.056) and an increase in the β-index (ρ = 0.55, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Liraglutide effects on visceral obesity and β-cell function might provide a rationale for using this molecule in obese subjects in an early phase of glucose metabolism dysregulation natural history

TSH Receptor and Thyroid-Specific Gene Expression in Human Skin

Experimental evidence suggests that in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) the skin is a target of autoantibodies against thyroid-specific antigens; however, the role of these autoantibodies in skin alterations remains unclear. To gain insight into the function of nominally thyroid-specific genes in skin, we analyzed the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone-receptor (TSH-R), thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium iodide symporter (NIS), and thyroperoxidase (TPO) genes in normal human skin biopsies and cultured primary keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. The results revealed the presence of all the transcripts in skin biopsies. However, in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, only TSH-R messenger RNA was always detected. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of skin specimens confirmed the presence of TSH-R protein in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Moreover, TSH treatment induced the proliferation of cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts and increased keratinocyte intracellular cAMP. Finally, affinity-purified IgGs from serum of patients affected by Graves' disease, but not by chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, stimulated cAMP accumulation in cultured keratinocytes, as well as their proliferation. In conclusion, the expression of thyroid-specific genes in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts and the mitogenic effects of TSH and IgGs on these cells support the concept that autoantibodies against thyroid-specific antigens may contribute to cutaneous symptoms in AITDs

Decorin counteracts disease progression in mice with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen underlie recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a disease characterized by skin and mucosal blistering, impaired wound healing, and diffuse dermal inflammation and fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β signaling plays a crucial role in determining RDEB fibrotic microenvironment that leads to the development of disabling secondary disease manifestations, including hand and foot deformities. Experimental findings indicate that expression levels of decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and an endogenous TGF-β inhibitor, can modulate RDEB disease phenotype by contrasting dermal fibroblast fibrotic behavior. In this study, the ability of decorin to modify RDEB course was investigated by systemically treating RDEB mice with a lentivirus expressing human decorin. Overexpressed decorin was able to enhance survival, and to limit digit contraction and the development of paw deformities. These effects were associated with decreased TGF-β1 levels and TGF-β signaling activation. Fibrotic traits were strongly reduced in paw skin and also attenuated in the non-chronically injured back skin. However, the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins was not decreased in both paw and back skin. Our findings confirm TGF-β role in promoting fibrosis and disease progression in RDEB, and show that decorin counteracts disease manifestations by inhibiting TGF-β activation. More generally, our data indicate that modifying extracellular matrix composition is an option to improve RDEB disease course