44 research outputs found

    Different Oxidative Stress Response in Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts of Reconstructed Skin Exposed to Non Extreme Daily-Ultraviolet Radiation

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    Experiments characterizing the biological effects of sun exposure have usually involved solar simulators. However, they addressed the worst case scenario i.e. zenithal sun, rarely found in common outdoor activities. A non-extreme ultraviolet radiation (UV) spectrum referred as “daily UV radiation” (DUVR) with a higher UVA (320–400 nm) to UVB (280–320 nm) irradiance ratio has therefore been defined. In this study, the biological impact of an acute exposure to low physiological doses of DUVR (corresponding to 10 and 20% of the dose received per day in Paris mid-April) on a 3 dimensional reconstructed skin model, was analysed. In such conditions, epidermal and dermal morphological alterations could only be detected after the highest dose of DUVR. We then focused on oxidative stress response induced by DUVR, by analyzing the modulation of mRNA level of 24 markers in parallel in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. DUVR significantly modulated mRNA levels of these markers in both cell types. A cell type differential response was noticed: it was faster in fibroblasts, with a majority of inductions and high levels of modulation in contrast to keratinocyte response. Our results thus revealed a higher sensitivity in response to oxidative stress of dermal fibroblasts although located deeper in the skin, giving new insights into the skin biological events occurring in everyday UV exposure

    PTCH1+/− Dermal Fibroblasts Isolated from Healthy Skin of Gorlin Syndrome Patients Exhibit Features of Carcinoma Associated Fibroblasts

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    Gorlin's or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) causes predisposition to basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the commonest cancer in adult human. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTCH1 are responsible for this autosomal dominant syndrome. In NBCCS patients, as in the general population, ultraviolet exposure is a major risk factor for BCC development. However these patients also develop BCCs in sun-protected areas of the skin, suggesting the existence of other mechanisms for BCC predisposition in NBCCS patients. As increasing evidence supports the idea that the stroma influences carcinoma development, we hypothesized that NBCCS fibroblasts could facilitate BCC occurence of the patients. WT (n = 3) and NBCCS fibroblasts bearing either nonsense (n = 3) or missense (n = 3) PTCH1 mutations were cultured in dermal equivalents made of a collagen matrix and their transcriptomes were compared by whole genome microarray analyses. Strikingly, NBCCS fibroblasts over-expressed mRNAs encoding pro-tumoral factors such as Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and tenascin C. They also over-expressed mRNA of pro-proliferative diffusible factors such as fibroblast growth factor 7 and the stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha, known for its expression in carcinoma associated fibroblasts. These data indicate that the PTCH1+/− genotype of healthy NBCCS fibroblasts results in phenotypic traits highly reminiscent of those of BCC associated fibroblasts, a clue to the yet mysterious proneness to non photo-exposed BCCs in NBCCS patients

    La peau reconstruite : modÚle d'étude du keratinocyte, du fibroblaste et de leurs interactions. Effets des ultraviolets, dommages et réparation

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    Le rĂŽle de protection de la peau est apportĂ© par les deux tissus majeurs, le derme et l'Ă©piderme. L'une des principales agressions est l'exposition aux rayonnements ultraviolets solaires, dont les consĂ©quences Ă  long terme sont le vieillissement photo-induit et l'apparition de cancers. La caractĂ©risation de la rĂ©ponse de la peau face aux UV est un point essentiel pour prĂ©venir ou corriger ces effets. L'approche in vitro dite organotypique consiste Ă  reconstruire de la peau Ă  partir de cellules humaines en culture et d'Ă©lĂ©ments matriciels. Ainsi le modĂšle de peau reconstruite peut comporter un Ă©piderme diffĂ©renciĂ©, mais aussi un derme Ă©quivalent vivant contenant des fibroblastes. Les effets induits par les UVB ont pu ĂȘtre reproduits dans ce modĂšle. Ils sont localisĂ©s dans l'Ă©piderme et sont identiques Ă  ceux observĂ©s dans la peau humaine lors d'un coup de soleil modĂ©rĂ©, notamment l'apparition dans les kĂ©ratinocytes des lĂ©sions de l'ADN spĂ©cifiques des UVB. Des altĂ©rations caractĂ©ristiques d'exposition aux rayonnements UVA ont aussi Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es dans les fibroblastes et ont pu ĂȘtre reliĂ©es aux dommages dermiques associĂ©s au phĂ©nomĂšne de photovieillissement. L'interaction entre les deux types cellulaires a Ă©tĂ© illustrĂ©e dans la production de la MMP-1. Les dommages occasionnĂ©s par les UV sont en gĂ©nĂ©ral rĂ©parĂ©s par des systĂšmes spĂ©cialisĂ©s. Un modĂšle dĂ©ficient dans la rĂ©paration des lĂ©sions induites par les UVB a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ© grace Ă  l'utilisation de cellules de patients atteints de Xeroderma Pigmentosum, une maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la rĂ©paration de l'ADN caractĂ©risĂ©e par une hypersensibilitĂ© aux UV et une trĂšs forte prĂ©disposition aux cancers cutanĂ©s sur les zones exposĂ©es. Dans ces Ă©tudes, des traits phĂ©notypiques particuliers ont pu ĂȘtre rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s au niveau du fibroblaste XP-C suggĂ©rant des interactions stroma-Ă©pithĂ©lium impliquĂ©es dans le dĂ©veloppement des signes cliniques. Enfin, dans un contexte de correction de certaines altĂ©rations de la peau photoendommagĂ©e, des effets bĂ©nĂ©fiques de la vitamine C ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s, particuliĂšrement au niveau de la jonction dermo-Ă©pidermique (JDE). Ces effets ont ensuite permis d'approfondir la participation respective des deux types cellulaires majeurs dans la morphogenĂšse de la JDE. L'ensemble de ces travaux apporte une vision globale et tissulaire de la rĂ©ponse aux rayonnements UV dans un systĂšme in vitro et illustre l'intĂ©rĂȘt plus large de ces outils biologiques en biologie cellulaire. L'amĂ©lioration des modĂšles, notamment par l'incorporation d'autres types cellulaires, devrait permettre d'affiner encore nos connaissances

    Exposure to Non-Extreme Solar UV Daylight: Spectral Characterization, Effects on Skin and Photoprotection

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    The link between chronic sun exposure of human skin and harmful clinical consequences such as photo-aging and skin cancers is now indisputable. These effects are mostly due to ultraviolet (UV) rays (UVA, 320–400 nm and UVB, 280–320 nm). The UVA/UVB ratio can vary with latitude, season, hour, meteorology and ozone layer, leading to different exposure conditions. Zenithal sun exposure (for example on a beach around noon under a clear sky) can rapidly induce visible and well-characterized clinical consequences such as sunburn, predominantly induced by UVB. However, a limited part of the global population is exposed daily to such intense irradiance and until recently little attention has been paid to solar exposure that does not induce any short term clinical impact. This paper will review different studies on non-extreme daily UV exposures with: (1) the characterization and the definition of the standard UV daylight and its simulation in the laboratory; (2) description of the biological and clinical effects of such UV exposure in an in vitro reconstructed human skin model and in human skin in vivo, emphasizing the contribution of UVA rays and (3) analysis of photoprotection approaches dedicated to prevent the harmful impact of such UV exposure

    Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact

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    Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed

    Vieillissement naturel et photo-induit de la peau : approches en cultures tri-dimensionnelles

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    La peau humaine est un organe complexe dont le rĂŽle majeur est d’assurer la protection du corps humain contre les agressions extĂ©rieures. A cause de cette situation trĂšs particuliĂšre, le vieillissement de la peau rĂ©sulte de la superposition d’un vieillissement dit « extrinsĂšque », dĂ» en grande partie Ă  l’action du rayonnement ultraviolet (UV) Ă©mis par le soleil, et de facteurs dits « intrinsĂšques » supposĂ©s correspondre au vieillissement chronologique. L’étude de phĂ©nomĂšnes aussi complexes est forcĂ©ment limitĂ©e quand il s’agit de mener les expĂ©riences chez l’Homme dans la mesure oĂč il faut faire appel Ă  des volontaires pour rĂ©aliser des biopsies. Par ailleurs, on sait trĂšs bien que les cultures classiques de cellules sur matĂ©riel plastique demeurent trĂšs Ă©loignĂ©es des conditions physiologiques in vivo (diffĂ©renciation cellulaire incomplĂšte, absence d’interactions cellulaires, etc.). Pour se rapprocher davantage de la rĂ©alitĂ©, nous avons optĂ© pour une approche in vitro dite « organotypique » qui consiste Ă  reconstruire la peau Ă  partir de cellules en culture et d’élĂ©ments matriciels. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, notre modĂšle consiste Ă  rĂ©aliser d’abord un gel en associant des fibroblastes et du collagĂšne, lequel, aprĂšs contraction et concentration des fibres de collagĂšne par les fibroblastes, va former un « équivalent dermique » (Bell et al, 1979). Celui-ci sera ensuite le support d’ensemencement des kĂ©ratinocytes de l’épiderme, qui vont produire, par multiplication et diffĂ©renciation, un Ă©pithĂ©lium pluristratifiĂ© et kĂ©ratinisĂ©, histologiquement proche de l’épiderme in vivo, Ă  condition que la culture soit rĂ©alisĂ©e avec contact avec l’atmosphĂšre (Asselineau et al., 1985)

    The Damaging Effects of Long UVA (UVA1) Rays: A Major Challenge to Preserve Skin Health and Integrity

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    Within solar ultraviolet (UV) light, the longest UVA1 wavelengths, with significant and relatively constant levels all year round and large penetration properties, produce effects in all cutaneous layers. Their effects, mediated by numerous endogenous chromophores, primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress is the major mode of action of UVA1, responsible for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA lesions and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades. These molecular changes lead to mutations, apoptosis, dermis remodeling, inflammatory reactions and abnormal immune responses. The altered biological functions contribute to clinical consequences such as hyperpigmentation, inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, sun allergies, photoaging and photocancers. Such harmful impacts have also been reported after the use of UVA1 phototherapy or tanning beds. Furthermore, other external aggressors, such as pollutants and visible light (Vis), were shown to induce independent, cumulative and synergistic effects with UVA1 rays. In this review, we synthetize the biological and clinical effects of UVA1 and the complementary effects of UVA1 with pollutants or Vis. The identified deleterious biological impact of UVA1 contributing to clinical consequences, combined with the predominance of UVA1 rays in solar UV radiation, constitute a solid rational for the need for a broad photoprotection, including UVA1 up to 400 nm
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