Implementing Drill Technique in Teaching Speaking

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan (1) masalah yang muncul pada saat proses belajar mengajar berlangsung, (2) implementasi proses belajar mengajar yang efektif dengan menggunakan teknik Drill. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian tindakan dengan menerapkan siklus-siklus. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan rekaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) masalah yang sering muncul berasal dari sulitnya siswa memahami apa yang dikatakan oleh peneliti dalam bahasa Inggris, (2) implementasi belajar semakin baik pada setiap siklusnya, siswa lebih berani dan percaya diri pada siklus selanjutnya daripada pada siklus sebelumnya.The research aimed at finding (1) the problems occured during the teaching learning process, (2) the effective implementation in the teaching learning process using Drill Technique. The subject of this action research was the second grade students in class VIII J of SMP N 4 Bandar Lampung, consisting 22 students. This research used action research through cycles. The data were collected through observation sheet, interview and recording. The result showed that (1) the problems faced often by the researcher came from their lack ability in understanding the researcher‟s speaking, (2) the implementation of the teaching learning process was getting better cycle to cycle, they were more brave and more confident talking English on the next cycle than on the previous

Characterization of prophages of Lactococcus garvieae

This report describes the morphological characterization and genome analysis of an induced prophage (PLg-TB25) from a dairy strain of Lactococcus garvieae. The phage belongs to the Siphoviridae family and its morphology is typical of other lactococcal phages. A general analysis of its genome did not reveal similarities with other lactococcal phage genomes, confirming its novelty. However, similarities were found between genes of its morphogenesis cluster and genes of Gram-positive bacteria, suggesting that this phage genome resulted from recombination events that took place in a heterogeneous microbial environment. An in silico search for other prophages in 16 L. garvieae genomes available in public databases, uncovered eight seemingly complete prophages in strains isolated from dairy and fish niches. Genome analyses of these prophages revealed three novel L. garvieae phages. The remaining prophages had homology to phages of Lactococcus lactis (P335 group) suggesting a close relationship between these lactococcal species. The similarity in GC content of L. garvieae prophages to the genomes of L. lactis phages further supports the hypothesis that these phages likely originated from the same ancestor

primary cutaneous cd30 anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a heart transplant patient case report and literature review

Solid organ transplant recipients are at risk of develop ing a wide range of viral-associated malignancies, in cluding skin tumours and lymphoproliferative disorders. The risk of a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is 28–49 times the risk of a lymphoproliferative disorder in the normal population. Most cases are of B-cell phenotype and are associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders presenting clinically in the skin are rare and usually of B-cell phenotype. Only rare cases of cutaneous T-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder have been reported previously, mostly mycosis fungoides type. We describe here a rare primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma CD30+ arising in a heart transplant patient who had a nodule on the right leg, several years after heart transplantation. The morphology and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a T-cell phenotype. Excisional biopsy and radiotherapy of the affected area were performed. In this patient, the presence of a solitary lesion and th

Cocoa Powder as Delivery Medium for Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains

Three Lactobacillus strains previously isolated from artisanal Italian cheeses and identified by species-spe- cific PCR as L. helveticus, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus, were evaluated for the presence of functional traits, such as acidifying activity, cell surface hydrophobicity, antibiotic resistance, survival in low pH and in presence of bile salts, in comparison with two commercially available probiotic strains (Lactobacillus aci- dophilus La-5 and L. rhamnosus GG). Subsequently, with the aim to develop a new non-dairy functional product, cocoa powder was used as a medium for incorporating freeze-dried cultures of each tested strain and survival at different time/temperature conditions was investigated. The results obtained demonstrated that artisanal dairy products are interesting sources of new probiotic strains; in particular, the dairy origin strain L. rhamnosus showed a good probiotic performance and the highest level of survival during storage. Finally, we showed that cocoa powder represents a good delivery medium for lactobacilli: it could be considered a novel functional food exhibiting high antioxidant power and presenting probiotic potentia

Genome sequences of two Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from meat

Lactococcus garvieae is an important fish pathogen and an emerging opportunistic human pathogen, as well as a component of natural microbiota in dairy and meat products. We present the first report of genome sequences of L. garvieae I113 and Tac2 strains isolated from a meat source

Kinase-independent role of cyclin D1 in chromosomal instability and mammary tumorigenesis

Cyclin D1 is an important molecular driver of human breast cancer but better understanding of its oncogenic mechanisms is needed, especially to enhance efforts in targeted therapeutics. Currently, pharmaceutical initiatives to inhibit cyclin D1 are focused on the catalytic component since the transforming capacity is thought to reside in the cyclin D1/CDK activity. We initiated the following study to directly test the oncogenic potential of catalytically inactive cyclin D1 in an in vivo mouse model that is relevant to breast cancer. Herein, transduction of cyclin D1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with the kinase dead KE mutant of cyclin D1 led to aneuploidy, abnormalities in mitotic spindle formation, autosome amplification, and chromosomal instability (CIN) by gene expression profiling. Acute transgenic expression of either cyclin D1(WT) or cyclin D1(KE) in the mammary gland was sufficient to induce a high CIN score within 7 days. Sustained expression of cyclin D1(KE) induced mammary adenocarcinoma with similar kinetics to that of the wild-type cyclin D1. ChIP-Seq studies demonstrated recruitment of cyclin D1(WT) and cyclin D1(KE) to the genes governing CIN. We conclude that the CDK-activating function of cyclin D1 is not necessary to induce either chromosomal instability or mammary tumorigenesis

16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region sequence variation in Streptococcus thermophilus and related dairy streptococci and development of a multiplex ITS-SSCP analysis for their identification

The 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of several Streptococcus thermophilus strains and some related dairy streptococci, S. macedonicus, S. salivarius and S. bovis, was analysed by sequence analysis. All the Streptococcus species were easily discriminated on the basis of sequence variations principally located upstream and downstream of the region encompassing the double-stranded processing sites and the tRNA(Ala) gene. Comparison between tRNA(Ala) gene sequences highlighted a high level of sequence conservation among the Streptococcus species investigated despite their belonging to separated phylogenetic clusters, i.e. the S. salivarius and S. bovis rRNA groups. A low but significant degree of variability was detected among the S. thermophilus strains, allowing the identification of four different ITS sequences. Similarity analysis of the ITS sequences showed that the Streptococcus species were clustered in two main branches, one containing S. macedonicus and S. bovis strains, and one containing S. thermlophilus and S. salivarius strains. With the aim of developing a rapid tool for the identification of the dairy streptococci species a multiplex ITS-SSCP analysis of two discrete regions within the ITS locus was carried out

Different strategies to enhance mould-free bread shelf life

The prevention of fungal spoilage of bread without addition of chemical preservatives remains an unsolved issue. This work aimed to identify alternative strategies to chemical preservatives in order to prevent or delay fungal spoilage of bread. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacterial metabolites and chemical preservatives was evaluated in vitro and in situ in baking experiments with addition of preservatives or metabolites. Calcium propionate, sorbic acid, phenyl lactate, ricinoleic acid, and acetic acid were tested both individually and in combination at their MIC values against A. niger and P. roqueforti (12, 0.4, 50, 3.4, 25 mM, respectively). The combination of acetic acid with propionate and sorbate decreased the MIC values against the tested moulds. For these reasons, we introduced sourdough fermentation with defined strains of lactobacilli in order to generate natural acetate in bread. A combination of Lactobacillus hammesii and propionate reduced propionate concentration required for shelf life extension of wheat bread 7 fold. Flaxseed sourdough bread fermented with L. hammesii, showed a shelf life 2 days longer than the control bread. The organic acid quantification indicated a higher production of acetic acid (33.81 \ub1 4.43 mM) when compared to other sourdough breads. When 4% of sucrose was added to sourdough fermentation with L. brevis, the longest mould free shelf-life (4 days longer then the control) was obtained. In conclusion, the in vitro MIC of bacterial metabolites and preservatives matches the in situ antifungal effect. Of the different bacterial metabolites evaluated, acetic acid has the most prominent and consistent antifungal activity and the use of sourdough fermentation with selected strains able to produce acetic acid allows reduced use of chemical preservatives

Compliance of clinical microbiology laboratories with recommendations for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections

In 2014, the Italian Working Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patient of the Italian Association of Clinical Microbiologists updated the recommendations for the diagnostic workflow for bloodstream infections (BSI). Two years after publication, a nationwide survey was conducted to assess the compliance with the updated recommendations by clinical microbiology laboratories. A total of 168 microbiologists from 168 laboratories, serving 204 acute care hospitals and postacute care facilities, were interviewed during the period January\u2013October 2016 using a questionnaire consisting of nineteen questions which assessed the level of adherence to various recommendations. The most critical issues were as follows: (a) The number of sets of blood cultures (BC) per 1,000 hospitalization days was acceptable in only 11% of laboratories; (b) the minority of laboratories (42%) was able to monitor whether BCs were over or under-inoculated; (c) among the laboratories monitoring BC contamination (80%), the rate of contaminated samples was acceptable in only 12% of cases;(d) the Gram-staining results were reported within 1 hr since BC positivity in less than 50% of laboratories. By contrast, most laboratories received vials within 2\u20134 hr from withdrawal (65%) and incubated vials as soon as they were received in the laboratory (95%). The study revealed that compliance with the recommendations is still partial. Further surveys will be needed to monitor the situation in the future