Shallow Ultraviolet Transits of WD 1145+017

WD 1145+017 is a unique white dwarf system that has a heavily polluted atmosphere, an infrared excess from a dust disk, numerous broad absorption lines from circumstellar gas, and changing transit features, likely from fragments of an actively disintegrating asteroid. Here, we present results from a large photometric and spectroscopic campaign with Hubble, Keck , VLT, Spitzer, and many other smaller telescopes from 2015 to 2018. Somewhat surprisingly, but consistent with previous observations in the u' band, the UV transit depths are always shallower than those in the optical. We develop a model that can quantitatively explain the observed "bluing" and the main findings are: I. the transiting objects, circumstellar gas, and white dwarf are all aligned along our line of sight; II. the transiting object is blocking a larger fraction of the circumstellar gas than of the white dwarf itself. Because most circumstellar lines are concentrated in the UV, the UV flux appears to be less blocked compared to the optical during a transit, leading to a shallower UV transit. This scenario is further supported by the strong anti-correlation between optical transit depth and circumstellar line strength. We have yet to detect any wavelength-dependent transits caused by the transiting material around WD 1145+017.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables, ApJ, in pres

Analyse de l'absorption circumstellaire de WD 1145+017

WD 1145+017 est une étoile naine blanche polluée par des métaux avec un astéroïde en décomposition autour d’elle. Ce système est le premier à montrer la phase de décomposition active de l’objet polluant, et permet d’en apprendre sur cette phase du phénomène d’accrétion. Les différentes observations montrent un système très complexe qui est composé de plusieurs morceaux de l’objet rocheux, d’un disque de poussière et d’un disque de gaz, tous en orbite autour de la naine blanche polluée. Nous présentons un modèle de disque de gaz excentrique en précession conçu pour l’étude des zones d’absorption circumstellaire variables détectées pour WD 1145+017. Ce modèle, inspiré de celui récemment présenté par Cauley et al., calcule explicitement l’opacité du gaz pour toutes conditions physiques du disque prédéterminées et prédit la force et la forme de toutes les zones d’absorption, de l’ultraviolet au visible, à n’importe quelle phase du cycle de précession. Les réussites et échecs de ce modèle simple fournissent de l’information précieuse concernant les caractéristiques physiques du gaz qui entoure l’étoile, entre autres sa composition chimique, sa température et sa densité. Le modèle de disque excentrique met aussi en évidence le besoin de composantes supplémentaires, probablement des anneaux circulaires, pour expliquer la présence d’absorption à décalage de vitesse nul ainsi que celle de raies de Si hautement ionisé. Nous trouvons qu’une période de précession de 4.6±0.3 ans peut reproduire avec succès la forme et le profil de vitesse observé pour la majorité des époques d’observation d’avril 2015 à janvier 2018, bien que des différences mineures à certains moments indiquent que la configuration géométrique supposée n’est probablement pas encore optimale. Finalement, nous montrons que notre modèle peut expliquer quantitativement le changement morphologique des zones d’absorption durant les transits de l’objet en orbite autour de l’étoile.WD 1145+017 is a metal polluted white dwarf with an actively disintegrating asteroid orbiting around it. This system is the first to show the active decomposition phase of the accretion process. The different observed data show a complex system composed of many pieces of the rocky objets, a dust disk and a gaseous disk, all orbiting the polluted white dwarf. We present an eccentric precessing gas disk model designed to study the variable circumstellar absorption features detected for WD 1145+017. This model, inspired by one recently proposed by Cauley et al., calculates explicitly the gas opacity for any predetermined physical conditions in the disk, predicting the strength and shape of all absorption features, from the UV to the optical, at any given phase of the precession cycle. The successes and failures of this simple model provide valuable insight on the physical characteristics of the gas surrounding the star, notably its composition, temperature and density. This eccentric disk model also highlights the need for supplementary components, most likely circular rings, in order to explain the presence of zero velocity absorption as well as highly ionized Si lines. We find that a precession period of 4.6±0.3 yrs can successfully reproduce the shape of the velocity profile observed at most epochs from April 2015 to January 2018, although minor discrepancies at certain times indicate that the assumed geometric configuration may not be optimal yet. Finally, we show that our model can quantitatively explain the change in morphology of the circumstellar feature during transiting events

Could Questions on Activities of Daily Living Estimate Grip Strength of Older Adults Living Independently in the Community?

The aim of this study was to identify questions that could estimate grip strength. Twenty-six questions about the degree of perceived difficulty performing manual tasks as well as two questions concerning self-rated grip strength were developed and completed by 123 community-dwelling older adults, followed by grip strength measurements using a Martin vigorimeter. Multiple regression analyses with all of the participants revealed that the question about the difficulty of opening a jar (question 4) was most associated with grip strength. When analyses were done by gender, the same question showed the best correlation for women, whereas the one for men was self-rated grip strength compared with people the same age (question 28). For the women, age and question 4 together explained 54% of the variance in their grip strength and for the men, age and question 28 explained 46%. Further studies are needed to identify other information that could help to better estimate grip strength for use in epidemiological surveys