25,325 research outputs found
Quantum Inequalities on the Energy Density in Static Robertson-Walker Spacetimes
Quantum inequality restrictions on the stress-energy tensor for negative
energy are developed for three and four-dimensional static spacetimes. We
derive a general inequality in terms of a sum of mode functions which
constrains the magnitude and duration of negative energy seen by an observer at
rest in a static spacetime. This inequality is evaluated explicitly for a
minimally coupled scalar field in three and four-dimensional static
Robertson-Walker universes. In the limit of vanishing curvature, the flat
spacetime inequalities are recovered. More generally, these inequalities
contain the effects of spacetime curvature. In the limit of short sampling
times, they take the flat space form plus subdominant curvature-dependent
corrections.Comment: 18 pages, plain LATEX, with 3 figures, uses eps
Enhanced Geometry Fluctuations in Minkowski and Black Hole Spacetimes
We will discuss selected physical effects of spacetime geometry fluctuations,
especially the operational signatures of geometry fluctuations and their
effects on black hole horizons. The operational signatures which we discuss
involve the effects of the fluctuations on images, and include luminosity
variations, spectral line broadening and angular blurring. Our main interest
will be in black hole horizon fluctuations, especially horizon fluctuations
which have been enhanced above the vacuum level by gravitons or matter in
squeezed states. We investigate whether these fluctuations can alter the
thermal character of a black hole. We find that this thermal character is
remarkably robust, and that Hawking's original derivation using transplanckian
modes does not seem to be sensitive even to enhanced horizon fluctuations.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, based on a talk presented at the Peyresq 12
worksho
Energy Density-Flux Correlations in an Unusual Quantum State and in the Vacuum
In this paper we consider the question of the degree to which negative and
positive energy are intertwined. We examine in more detail a previously studied
quantum state of the massless minimally coupled scalar field, which we call a
``Helfer state''. This is a state in which the energy density can be made
arbitrarily negative over an arbitrarily large region of space, but only at one
instant in time. In the Helfer state, the negative energy density is
accompanied by rapidly time-varying energy fluxes. It is the latter feature
which allows the quantum inequalities, bounds which restrict the magnitude and
duration of negative energy, to hold for this class of states. An observer who
initially passes through the negative energy region will quickly encounter
fluxes of positive energy which subsequently enter the region. We examine in
detail the correlation between the energy density and flux in the Helfer state
in terms of their expectation values. We then study the correlation function
between energy density and flux in the Minkowski vacuum state, for a massless
minimally coupled scalar field in both two and four dimensions. In this latter
analysis we examine correlation functions rather than expectation values.
Remarkably, we see qualitatively similar behavior to that in the Helfer state.
More specifically, an initial negative energy vacuum fluctuation in some region
of space is correlated with a subsequent flux fluctuation of positive energy
into the region. We speculate that the mechanism which ensures that the quantum
inequalities hold in the Helfer state, as well as in other quantum states
associated with negative energy, is, at least in some sense, already
``encoded'' in the fluctuations of the vacuum.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures; published version with typos corrected and one
added referenc
Cosmological and Black Hole Horizon Fluctuations
The quantum fluctuations of horizons in Robertson-Walker universes and in the
Schwarzschild spacetime are discussed. The source of the metric fluctuations is
taken to be quantum linear perturbations of the gravitational field. Lightcone
fluctuations arise when the retarded Green's function for a massless field is
averaged over these metric fluctuations. This averaging replaces the
delta-function on the classical lightcone with a Gaussian function, the width
of which is a measure of the scale of the lightcone fluctuations. Horizon
fluctuations are taken to be measured in the frame of a geodesic observer
falling through the horizon. In the case of an expanding universe, this is a
comoving observer either entering or leaving the horizon of another observer.
In the black hole case, we take this observer to be one who falls freely from
rest at infinity. We find that cosmological horizon fluctuations are typically
characterized by the Planck length. However, black hole horizon fluctuations in
this model are much smaller than Planck dimensions for black holes whose mass
exceeds the Planck mass. Furthermore, we find black hole horizon fluctuations
which are sufficiently small as not to invalidate the semiclassical derivation
of the Hawking process.Comment: 22 pages, Latex, 4 figures, uses eps
Quantum Inequalities and Singular Energy Densities
There has been much recent work on quantum inequalities to constrain negative
energy. These are uncertainty principle-type restrictions on the magnitude and
duration of negative energy densities or fluxes. We consider several examples
of apparent failures of the quantum inequalities, which involve passage of an
observer through regions where the negative energy density becomes singular. We
argue that this type of situation requires one to formulate quantum
inequalities using sampling functions with compact support. We discuss such
inequalities, and argue that they remain valid even in the presence of singular
energy densities.Comment: 18 pages, LaTex, 2 figures, uses eps
Scalar Field Quantum Inequalities in Static Spacetimes
We discuss quantum inequalities for minimally coupled scalar fields in static
spacetimes. These are inequalities which place limits on the magnitude and
duration of negative energy densities. We derive a general expression for the
quantum inequality for a static observer in terms of a Euclidean two-point
function. In a short sampling time limit, the quantum inequality can be written
as the flat space form plus subdominant correction terms dependent upon the
geometric properties of the spacetime. This supports the use of flat space
quantum inequalities to constrain negative energy effects in curved spacetime.
Using the exact Euclidean two-point function method, we develop the quantum
inequalities for perfectly reflecting planar mirrors in flat spacetime. We then
look at the quantum inequalities in static de~Sitter spacetime, Rindler
spacetime and two- and four-dimensional black holes. In the case of a
four-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole, explicit forms of the inequality are
found for static observers near the horizon and at large distances. It is show
that there is a quantum averaged weak energy condition (QAWEC), which states
that the energy density averaged over the entire worldline of a static observer
is bounded below by the vacuum energy of the spacetime. In particular, for an
observer at a fixed radial distance away from a black hole, the QAWEC says that
the averaged energy density can never be less than the Boulware vacuum energy
density.Comment: 27 pages, 2 Encapsulated Postscript figures, uses epsf.tex, typeset
in RevTe
A Third Planet Orbiting HIP 14810
We present new precision radial velocities and a three-planet Keplerian orbit
fit for the V = 8.5, G5 V star HIP 14810. We began observing this star at Keck
Observatory as part of the N2K Planet Search Project. Wright et al. (2007)
announced the inner two planets to this system, and subsequent observations
have revealed the outer planet planet and the proper orbital solution for the
middle planet. The planets have minimum masses of 3.9, 1.3, and 0.6 M_Jup and
orbital periods of 6.67, 147.7, and 952 d, respectively. We have numerically
integrated the family of orbital solutions consistent with the data and find
that they are stable for at least 10^6 yr. Our photometric search shows that
the inner planet does not transit.Comment: ApJL, accepte
Sexual healthcare professionals’ views on HPV vaccination for men in the UK
Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for men could prevent anal cancers amongst men who have sex with men (MSM).
Methods: An e-survey of attitudes towards vaccination for men in the UK was conducted in July–August 2014.
Results: Among 325 sexual health professionals, 14% were already vaccinating men against HPV, 83% recommended genderneutral HPV vaccination and 65% recommended targeting MSM. Over 50% reported having poor knowledge about the use of
HPV vaccine for MSM and the skills to identify MSM likely to benefit from HPV vaccination.
Conclusions: Clear advice and guidelines on HPV vaccine use for men at sexual health clinics are required to ensure equitable opportunities for vaccination
The history of mass assembly of faint red galaxies in 28 galaxy clusters since z=1.3
We measure the relative evolution of the number of bright and faint (as faint
as 0.05 L*) red galaxies in a sample of 28 clusters, of which 16 are at 0.50<=
z<=1.27, all observed through a pair of filters bracketing the 4000 Angstrom
break rest-frame. The abundance of red galaxies, relative to bright ones, is
constant over all the studied redshift range, 0<z<1.3, and rules out a
differential evolution between bright and faint red galaxies as large as
claimed in some past works. Faint red galaxies are largely assembled and in
place at z=1.3 and their deficit does not depend on cluster mass, parametrized
by velocity dispersion or X-ray luminosity. Our analysis, with respect to
previous one, samples a wider redshift range, minimizes systematics and put a
more attention to statistical issues, keeping at the same time a large number
of clusters.Comment: MNRAS, 386, 1045. Half a single sentence (in sec 4.4) change
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