220 research outputs found
Bulge Globular Clusters in Spiral Galaxies
There is now strong evidence that the metal-rich globular clusters (GC) near
the center of our Galaxy are associated with the Galactic bulge rather than the
disk as previously thought. Here we extend the concept of bulge GCs to the GC
systems of nearby spiral galaxies. In particular, the kinematic and metallicity
properties of the GC systems favor a bulge rather than a disk origin. The
number of metal-rich GCs normalized by the bulge luminosity is roughly constant
(i.e. bulge S_N ~ 1) in nearby spirals, and this value is similar to that for
field ellipticals when only the red (metal--rich) GCs are considered. We argue
that the metallicity distributions of GCs in spiral and elliptical galaxies are
remarkably similar, and that they obey the same correlation of mean GC
metallicity with host galaxy mass. We further suggest that the metal-rich GCs
in spirals are the direct analogs of the red GCs seen in ellipticals. The
formation of a bulge/spheroidal stellar system is accompanied by the formation
of metal-rich GCs. The similarities between GC systems in spiral and elliptical
galaxies appear to be greater than the differences.Comment: 5 pages, Latex, 2 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in ApJ
Letter
Revisiting the Globular Cluster System of the Merger Remnant Elliptical NGC 3610
We have obtained Keck spectra of six candidate globular clusters (GCs) in the
dynamically young elliptical galaxy NGC 3610, supplementing our previous Keck
spectra of eight confirmed GCs (Strader et al. 2003). Five of our new
candidates are confirmed to be GCs. Of the thirteen GCs, eleven are located
within the K band effective radius of 7 kpc. Two of these thirteen clusters are
found to be young (~ 2 Gyr) and very metal-rich ([Z/H] ~ +0.5), three are old
and metal-poor, and the remaining eight clusters are old and metal-rich. The
ages of the young clusters are consistent with a recent spectroscopic age
estimate of 1.6+/-0.5 Gyr for the galaxy itself (Denicolo et al. 2003) and
suggest that these clusters formed in the disk-disk merger which likely created
NGC 3610. Intriguingly, both young GCs have [alpha/Fe] ~ +0.3, while the
majority of the old clusters are not alpha-enhanced, in contrast to Galactic
and M31 GCs, and contrary to predictions of nucleosynthetic calculations. The
two old subpopulations of GCs can be attributed to the merger progenitors. The
relative numbers of old and new metal-rich GCs are poorly constrained because
of the expected differences in radial distributions of the two subpopulations.
However, based on our spectroscopic results and a comparison of the Hubble
Space Telescope color magnitude diagram (Whitmore et al. 2002) with stellar
population models, we argue that more than half of the metal-rich GCs are
likely to be old.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, accepted for Jan 2004 A
Damp Mergers: Recent Gaseous Mergers without Significant Globular Cluster Formation?
Here we test the idea that new globular clusters (GCs) are formed in the same
gaseous ("wet") mergers or interactions that give rise to the young stellar
populations seen in the central regions of many early-type galaxies. We compare
mean GC colors with the age of the central galaxy starburst. The red GC
subpopulation reveals remarkably constant mean colors independent of galaxy
age. A scenario in which the red GC subpopulation is a combination of old and
new GCs (formed in the same event as the central galaxy starburst) can not be
ruled out; although this would require an age-metallicity relation for the
newly formed GCs that is steeper than the Galactic relation. However, the data
are also well described by a scenario in which most red GCs are old, and few,
if any, are formed in recent gaseous mergers. This is consistent with the old
ages inferred from some spectroscopic studies of GCs in external systems. The
event that induced the central galaxy starburst may have therefore involved
insufficient gas mass for significant GC formation. We term such gas-poor
events "damp" mergers.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, ApJ accepte
Ellipticals with Kinematically--Distinct Cores: WFPC2 Imaging of Globular Clusters
Here we present HST WFPC2 imaging of 14 kinematically--distinct core
ellipticals to examine their globular cluster systems. In particular, we probe
the galaxy central regions, for which we might expect to see the strongest
signatures of some formation and destruction processes. These data
substantially increase the number of extragalactic globular cluster systems
studied to date. We find that the globular cluster luminosity, and color, vary
only weakly, if at all, with galactocentric distance. The mean color of
globular clusters are constant with globular cluster magnitude. Several clear
trends are also present. Firstly, globular cluster colors are bluer (more metal
poor by ~ 0.5 dex) than the underlying galaxy starlight at any given
galactocentric distance. Second, we find a correlation over roughly ten
magnitudes between the mean globular cluster metallicity and parent galaxy
luminosity of the form Z goes as L^0.4. This relationship includes dwarf
ellipticals, spiral galaxy bulges and giant ellipticals. Third, we find that
globular cluster surface density distribution can be described by a core model,
for which the core radius correlates with galaxy luminosity. Our results favor
scenarios in which ellipticals form from massive, gas rich progenitors at early
epochs. Detailed simulations of the formation of globular cluster systems would
be valuable to draw firmer conclusions.Comment: text only is given here, 13 figures are available at
http://www.ucolick.org/~forbes/home.html Paper accepted for publication in
the Astrophysical Journa
Metal-Poor Globular Clusters and Galaxy Formation
We demonstrate a significant (> 5-sigma) correlation between the mean color
of metal-poor globular cluster (GC) systems and parent galaxy luminosity. A
Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is introduced to find the mean color,
and is easily generalizable to quantify multimodality in other astronomical
datasets. We derive a GC color--galaxy luminosity relation of the form Z ~ L^
(0.15 +/- 0.03). When combined with evidence against a single primordial GC
metallicity--galaxy luminosity relation for protogalactic fragments, the
existence of such a correlation is evidence against both accretion and major
merger scenarios as an explanation of the entire metal-poor GC systems of
luminous galaxies. However, our relation arises naturally in an in situ picture
of GC formation, and is consistent with the truncation of metal-poor GC
formation by reionization. A further implication is that the ages of metal-poor
GCs in dwarf galaxies constrain the main epoch of galaxy formation in
hierarchical models. If the ages of old metal-poor GCs in Local Group dwarfs (>
11 Gyr) are typical of those in dwarfs elsewhere, then the bulk of galaxy
assembly (at least in clusters and groups) must have occurred at z > 2.5,
contrary to the predictions of some structure formation models.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, accepted for A
Keck Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of Field Galaxies at Moderate Redshift
We present 18 spectra, obtained with the Keck 10m telescope, of faint field
galaxies (19 I 22, 0.2 z 0.84) previously imaged by {\it HST's}
WFPC2. Though small, our sample appears to be representative of field spirals
with a magnitude--limit of I 22. Combining the results from the spectral
and imaging data, we have derived various quantitative parameters for the
galaxies, including colors, inclinations, emission line equivalent widths,
redshifts, luminosities, internal velocity information and physical scale
lengths. In particular, disk scale lengths (with sizes ranging from 1--5
kpc) have been measured from fits to the surface brightness profiles. We have
also measured internal velocities with a rest frame resolution of = 55
to 80 km s by fitting to the emission lines. The luminosity--disk size
and luminosity--internal velocity (Tully--Fisher) relations for our moderate
redshift galaxies are similar to the scaling relations seen for local galaxies,
albeit with a modest brightening of 1 magnitude. The one bulge--dominated
galaxy in our sample (at z = 0.324) has a relatively blue color, reveals weak
emission lines and is 0.5 magnitude brighter in the rest frame than
expected for a passive local elliptical. Our data suggest that galaxies at
about half the age of the Universe have undergone mild luminosity evolution to
the present epoch, but are otherwise quantitatively similar to galaxies seen
locally.Comment: replaced short version of paper. 31 pages, figures and tables
available at http://www.ucolick.org/~forbes/home.htm
Extragalactic Globular Clusters: Old Spectroscopic Ages and New Views on Their Formation
We present the results of a meta-analysis of Keck spectra of extragalactic
globular clusters (GCs) in a sample of eight galaxies, ranging from dwarfs to
massive ellipticals. We infer ages for the metal-poor and metal-rich GCs in
these galaxies through comparisons to Galactic GCs. Both subpopulations appear
to be no younger than their Galactic counterparts, with ages ~> 10 Gyr. This is
the largest sample of galaxies for which ages have been constrained
spectroscopically. Our results support the formation of most GCs in massive
galaxies at high redshift. We propose a scenario for the formation of GC
subpopulations that synthesizes aspects of both accretion and in situ
approaches in the context of galaxy formation through hierarchical merging.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure. Accepted to A
Stellar populations of Globular Clusters in the Elliptical galaxy NGC1407
We present high-quality, Keck spectroscopic data for a sample of 20 globular
clusters (GCs) in the massive E0 galaxy NGC1407. A subset of twenty
line-strength indices of the Lick/IDS system have been measured for both the GC
system and the central integrated star-light of the galaxy. Ages, metallicities
and [alpha/Fe] ratios have been derived using several different approaches. The
majority GCs in NGC1407 studied are old, follow a tight metallicity sequence
reaching values slightly above solar, and exhibit mean [alpha/Fe] ratios of ~
0.3 dex. In addition, three GCs are formally derived to be young (~ 4 Gyr), but
we argue that they are actually old GCs hosting blue horizontal branches. We
report, for the first time, evidence for the existence of two
chemically-distinct subpopulations of metal-rich (MR) GCs. We find some MR GCs
exhibit significantly larger [Mg/Fe] and [C/Fe] ratios. Different star
formation time-scales are proposed to explain the correlation between Mg and C
abundances. We also find striking CN overabundances over the entire GC
metallicity range. Interestingly, the behavior of C and N in metal-poor (MP)
GCs clearly deviates from the one in MR GCs. In particular, for MR GCs, N
increases dramatically while C essentially saturates. This may be interpreted
as a consequence of the increasing importance of the CNO cycle with increasing
metallicity.Comment: 53 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in The
Astronomical Journa
The early-type galaxies NGC 1407 and NGC 1400 - II: star formation and chemical evolutionary history
We present a possible star formation and chemical evolutionary history for
two early-type galaxies NGC 1407 and NGC 1400. They are the two brightest
galaxies of the NGC 1407 (or Eridanus-A) group, one of the 60 groups studied as
part of the Group Evolution Multi-wavelength Study (GEMS). Our analysis is
based on new high signal-to-noise spatially resolved integrated spectra
obtained at the ESO 3.6m telescope, out to 0.6 (NGC 1407) and 1.3 (NGC 1400)
effective radii. Using Lick/IDS indices we estimate luminosity-weighted ages,
metallicities and -element abundance ratios. Colour radial
distributions from HST/ACS and Subaru Suprime-Cam multi-band wide-field imaging
are compared to colours predicted from spectroscopically determinated ages and
metallicities using single stellar population models. The galaxies formed over
half of their mass in a single short-lived burst of star formation (> 100
M(sun)/year) at redshift z>5. This likely involved an outside-in mechanism with
supernova-driven galactic winds, as suggested by the flatness of the
alpha-element radial profiles and the strong negative metallicity gradients.
Our results support the predictions of the revised version of the monolithic
collapse model for galaxy formation and evolution. We speculate that, since
formation the galaxies have evolved quiescently and that we are witnessing the
first infall of NGC 1400 in the group.Comment: 14 pages, 9 tables, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRA
The early-type galaxies NGC 1407 and NGC 1400 - I: spatially resolved radial kinematics and surface photometry
This is the first paper of a series focused on investigating the star
formation and evolutionary history of the two early-type galaxies NGC 1407 and
NGC 1400. They are the two brightest galaxies of the NGC 1407 (or Eridanus-A)
group, one of the 60 groups studied as part of the Group Evolution
Multi-wavelength Study (GEMS). Here we present new high signal-to-noise
long-slit spectroscopic data obtained at the ESO 3.6m telescope and
high-resolution multi-band imaging data from the HST/ACS and wide-field imaging
from Subaru Suprime-Cam. We spatially resolved integrated spectra out to 0.6
(NGC 1407) and 1.3 (NGC 1400) effective radii. The radial profiles of the
kinematic parameters v(rot), sigma, h3 and h4 are measured. The surface
brightness profiles are fitted to different galaxy light models and the colour
distributions analysed. The multi-band images are modelled to derive isophotal
shape parameters and residual galaxy images. The parameters from the surface
brightness profile fitting are used to estimate the mass of the possible
central supermassive black hole in NGC 1407. The galaxies are found to be
rotationally supported and to have a flat core in the surface brightness
profiles. Elliptical isophotes are observed at all radii and no fine structures
are detected in the residual galaxy images. From our results we can also
discard a possible interaction between NGC 1400, NGC 1407 and the group
intergalactic medium. We estimate a mass of 1.03x10^9 M(sun) for the
supermassive black hole in NGC 1407 galaxy.Comment: 11 pages, 6 tables, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRA
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