A concepção de compras públicas do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e a realidade de agricultores familiares e agentes públicos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil / The conception of public purchases of the national program for school feedingand the reality of family farmers and public agents in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / La conception des achats publics du programme national de l'alimentationscolaire et la réalité des agriculteurs familiaux et agents publics de l'État deSão Paulo, Brésil

O Artigo 14 da Lei 11.947/2009 do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar estabelece que, dos repasses federais para governos estaduais e municipais executarem ações de alimentação escolar, no mínimo 30% devam ser gastos na compra de produtos de agricultores familiares. O primeiro objetivo é verificar qual a atratividade do Artigo 14 para os agricultores familiares do estado de São Paulo, mais especificamente qual sua contribuição para aumento de sua renda e para o desenvolvimento local. O segundo é avaliar o nível de adesão da Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP), e de prefeituras municipais ao Artigo 14, em termos do cumprimento de seu percentual, bem como da aderência às orientações de melhoria nutricional da Alimentação Escolar e da execução dos gastos em nível local. Quanto aos preços, analisaram os registrados em 197 CP, de 2012, e 212, de 2013. Compararam-se os preços fixados nas Chamadas Públicas para vegetais in natura e ovo de galinha com os do atacado, praticados na Central de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais do Estado de São Paulo (CEAGESP). Em apenas 2% dos casos os preços das Chamadas Públicas eram inferiores a 50% daqueles praticados na CEAGESP, em 32%, entre 50% e 100%, em 30%, entre 100% e 150% e, por fim, em 36% dos casos os preços das CP eram superiores a 150% os preços da CEAGESP. Embora a realidade geral do Estado seja desfavorável à produção de alimentos por agricultores familiares, há situações mais localizadas em que esta produção ocorre de forma expressiva. É o caso do Ribeira, com sua especialização na produção de banana e próximo a MMSP, e, em parte, do Pontal, em que seus inúmeros assentamentos guardam relação com o fato dos municípios locais cumprirem, em 2014, acima de 30% o Artigo 14, com a quase totalidade das compras feitas em seu território.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data