A predictive model based on multiple coastal anthropogenic pressures explains the degradation status of a marine ecosystem: Implications for management and conservation

International audienceDuring the last fifty years, there has been a dramatic increase in the development of anthropogenic activities, and this is particularly threatening to marine coastal ecosystems. The management of these multiple and simultaneous anthropogenic pressures requires reliable and precise data on their distribution, as well as information (data, modelling) on their potential effects on sensitive ecosystems. Focusing on Posidonia oceanica beds, a threatened habitat-forming seagrass species endemic to the Mediterranean, we developed a statistical approach to study the complex relationship between human multiple activities and ecosystem status. We used Random Forest modelling to explain the degradation status of P. oceanica (defined herein as the shift from seagrass bed to dead matte) as a function of depth and 10 anthropogenic pressures along the French Mediterranean coast (1700 km of coastline including Corsica). Using a 50 x 50 m grid cells dataset, we obtained a particularly accurate model explaining 71.3 % of the variance, with a Pearson correlation of 0.84 between predicted and observed values. Human-made coastline, depth, coastal population, urbanization, and agriculture were the best global predictors of P. oceanica's degradation status. Aquaculture was the least important predictor, although its local individual influence was among the highest. Non-linear relationship between predictors and seagrass beds status was detected with tipping points (i.e. thresholds) for all variables except agriculture and industrial effluents. Using these tipping points, we built a map representing the coastal seagrass beds classified into four categories according to an increasing pressure gradient and its risk of phase shift. Our approach provides important information that can be used to help managers preserve this essential and endangered ecosystem

Monitoring Marine Habitats With Photogrammetry: A Cost-Effective, Accurate, Precise and High-Resolution Reconstruction Method

Underwater photogrammetry has been increasingly used to study and monitor the three-dimensional characteristics of marine habitats, despite a lack of knowledge on the quality and reliability of the reconstructions. More particularly, little attention has been paid to exploring and estimating the relative contribution of multiple acquisition parameters on the model resolution (distance between neighbor vertices), accuracy (closeness to true positions/measures) and precision (variability of positions/measures). On the other hand, some studies used expensive or cumbersome camera systems that can restrict the number of users of this technology for the monitoring of marine habitats. This study aimed at developing a simple and cost-effective protocol able to produce accurate and reproducible high-resolution models. Precisely, the effect of the camera system, flying elevation, camera orientation and number of images on the resolution and accuracy of marine habitat reconstructions was tested through two experiments. A first experiment allowed for testing all combinations of acquisition parameters through the building of 192 models of the same 36 m2 study site. The flying elevation and camera system strongly affected the model resolution, while the photo density mostly affected bundle adjustment accuracy and total processing time. The camera orientation, in turn, mostly affected the reprojection error. The best combination of parameters was used in a second experiment to assess the accuracy and precision of the resulting reconstructions. The average model resolution was 3.4 mm, and despite a decreasing precision in the positioning of markers with distance to the model center (0.33, 0.27, and 1.2 mm/m Standard Deviation (SD) in X, Y, Z, respectively), the measures were very accurate and precise: 0.08% error ± 0.06 SD for bar lengths, 0.36% ± 0.51 SD for a rock model area and 0.92% ± 0.54 SD for its volume. The 3D geometry of the rock only differed by 1.2 mm ± 0.8 SD from the ultra-high resolution in-air reference. These results suggest that this simple and cost-effective protocol produces accurate and reproducible models that are suitable for the study and monitoring of marine habitats at a small reef scale

Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée

During the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation.Au cours du siècle dernier, le développement des activités anthropiques a engendré une augmentation des pressions sur les écosystèmes marins côtiers. Les données scientifiques pour aborder ce phénomène sont fragmentaires et d’une précision insuffisante (de l’ordre du km) pour la prise de décisions locales. La gestion de ces menaces multiples et simultanées exige pourtant des données fiables et précises sur la répartition des pressions et la localisation des écosystèmes les plus sensibles. Ces constations ont été à la base de la rédaction de deux directives européennes (la DCE, directive cadre eau et la DCSSM, directive cadre stratégie sur le milieu marin). Afin de répondre à ces directives, les objectifs de ce projet doctoral ont été de caractériser la vulnérabilité et d’aborder la sensibilité de deux écosystèmes marins prioritaires : les herbiers de posidonie et les communautés coralligènes. Ce projet focalisé sur la méditerranée française a permis la quantification et la localisation de ces écosystèmes et des pressions anthropiques auxquelles ils sont soumis, ainsi que l’estimation de leur état écologique à une résolution fine (de l’ordre de 20 m). Le déclin des herbiers a également pu être modélisé en relation avec les pressions et la profondeur et a permis de définir des seuils de résistance de cet habitat aux différentes pressions et des zones prioritaires de gestion. Ce travail devrait contribuer à améliorer l'élaboration d'indicateurs pour l'évaluation de l'état de santé des systèmes côtiers. Il pourrait également aider à mieux appliquer et coordonner les mesures de gestion à une échelle pertinente pour la conservation de la biodiversité

Interactions between marine ecosystems and human pressures : Applications for monitoring and managing coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea

Au cours du siècle dernier, le développement des activités anthropiques a engendré une augmentation des pressions sur les écosystèmes marins côtiers. Les données scientifiques pour aborder ce phénomène sont fragmentaires et d’une précision insuffisante (de l’ordre du km) pour la prise de décisions locales. La gestion de ces menaces multiples et simultanées exige pourtant des données fiables et précises sur la répartition des pressions et la localisation des écosystèmes les plus sensibles. Ces constations ont été à la base de la rédaction de deux directives européennes (la DCE, directive cadre eau et la DCSSM, directive cadre stratégie sur le milieu marin). Afin de répondre à ces directives, les objectifs de ce projet doctoral ont été de caractériser la vulnérabilité et d’aborder la sensibilité de deux écosystèmes marins prioritaires : les herbiers de posidonie et les communautés coralligènes. Ce projet focalisé sur la méditerranée française a permis la quantification et la localisation de ces écosystèmes et des pressions anthropiques auxquelles ils sont soumis, ainsi que l’estimation de leur état écologique à une résolution fine (de l’ordre de 20 m). Le déclin des herbiers a également pu être modélisé en relation avec les pressions et la profondeur et a permis de définir des seuils de résistance de cet habitat aux différentes pressions et des zones prioritaires de gestion. Ce travail devrait contribuer à améliorer l'élaboration d'indicateurs pour l'évaluation de l'état de santé des systèmes côtiers. Il pourrait également aider à mieux appliquer et coordonner les mesures de gestion à une échelle pertinente pour la conservation de la biodiversité.During the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation

Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée

During the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation.Au cours du siècle dernier, le développement des activités anthropiques a engendré une augmentation des pressions sur les écosystèmes marins côtiers. Les données scientifiques pour aborder ce phénomène sont fragmentaires et d’une précision insuffisante (de l’ordre du km) pour la prise de décisions locales. La gestion de ces menaces multiples et simultanées exige pourtant des données fiables et précises sur la répartition des pressions et la localisation des écosystèmes les plus sensibles. Ces constations ont été à la base de la rédaction de deux directives européennes (la DCE, directive cadre eau et la DCSSM, directive cadre stratégie sur le milieu marin). Afin de répondre à ces directives, les objectifs de ce projet doctoral ont été de caractériser la vulnérabilité et d’aborder la sensibilité de deux écosystèmes marins prioritaires : les herbiers de posidonie et les communautés coralligènes. Ce projet focalisé sur la méditerranée française a permis la quantification et la localisation de ces écosystèmes et des pressions anthropiques auxquelles ils sont soumis, ainsi que l’estimation de leur état écologique à une résolution fine (de l’ordre de 20 m). Le déclin des herbiers a également pu être modélisé en relation avec les pressions et la profondeur et a permis de définir des seuils de résistance de cet habitat aux différentes pressions et des zones prioritaires de gestion. Ce travail devrait contribuer à améliorer l'élaboration d'indicateurs pour l'évaluation de l'état de santé des systèmes côtiers. Il pourrait également aider à mieux appliquer et coordonner les mesures de gestion à une échelle pertinente pour la conservation de la biodiversité

Les récifs coralligènes, un habitat sous-marin riche en biodiversité mais vulnérable

International audienceMots-clefs : biodiversité marine, méditerranée, plongée, bio-concrétions, DCSMM Mis en ligne le 11 Avril 2016 sur https://www.sfecologie.org/regard/r66-recifs-coralligeneshabitat-marin-riche-biodiversite-vulnerable-f-holon-j-deter

Dynamique et diversité des habitats coralligènes et des herbiers de posidonie en Méditerranée

International audienc

Mieux connaître la biodiversité européenne pour mieux la protéger : l’exemple des récifs coralligènes méditerranéens

Article publié sur le site de la Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité https://www.fondationbiodiversite.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FRB-biodiversite-corail.pdfInternational audienceA l’instar des récifs coralliens des pays tropicaux, les récifs coralligènes, dénommés ainsi pour le corail rouge qu’ils abritent, ont tout pour devenir un emblème pour les pays côtiers Méditerranéens. En effet, la riche et belle biodiversité qu’ils abritent présente un intérêt de conservation en soi, mais aussi des avantages pour la pêche et le tourisme. Les connaissances sur ces écosystèmes sont longtemps restées par-cellaires, mais se développent aujourd’hui, soulignant la beauté et la vulnérabilité de ces habitats

Monitoring Marine Habitats With Photogrammetry: A Cost-Effective, Accurate, Precise and High-Resolution Reconstruction Method

International audienceUnderwater photogrammetry has been increasingly used to study and monitor the three-dimensional characteristics of marine habitats, despite a lack of knowledge on the quality and reliability of the reconstructions. More particularly, little attention has been paid to exploring and estimating the relative contribution of multiple acquisition parameters on the model resolution (distance between neighbor vertices), accuracy (closeness to true positions/measures) and precision (variability of positions/measures). On the other hand, some studies used expensive or cumbersome camera systems that can restrict the number of users of this technology for the monitoring of marine habitats. This study aimed at developing a simple and cost-effective protocol able to produce accurate and reproducible high-resolution models. Precisely, the effect of the camera system, flying elevation, camera orientation and number of images on the resolution and accuracy of marine habitat reconstructions was tested through two experiments. A first experiment allowed for testing all combinations of acquisition parameters through the building of 192 models of the same 36 m(2) study site. The flying elevation and camera system strongly affected the model resolution, while the photo density mostly affected bundle adjustment accuracy and total processing time. The camera orientation, in turn, mostly affected the reprojection error. The best combination of parameters was used in a second experiment to assess the accuracy and precision of the resulting reconstructions. The average model resolution was 3.4 mm, and despite a decreasing precision in the positioning of markers with distance to the model center (0.33, 0.27, and 1.2 mm/m Standard Deviation (SD) in X, Y, Z, respectively), the measures were very accurate and precise: 0.08% error +/- 0.06 SD for bar lengths, 0.36% +/- 0.51 SD for a rock model area and 0.92% +/- 0.54 SD for its volume. The 3D geometry of the rock only differed by 1.2 mm +/- 0.8 SD from the ultra-high resolution in-air reference. These results suggest that this simple and cost-effective protocol produces accurate and reproducible models that are suitable for the study and monitoring of marine habitats at a small reef scale

Boat anchoring pressure on coastal seabed: quantification and bias estimation using AIS data

International audience(150 words) Global shipping is economically important, but has many adverse environmental effects. Anchoring contributes greatly to this adverse impact, as it is responsible for mechanical disturbance of highly sensitive marine habitats. Recovery of these ecosystems is limited by slow regrowth. Anchoring pressure on coastal seabed habitats was estimated using AIS (Automatic Identification System) data along 1800 km of Mediterranean coastline between 2010 and 2015. A comparison with field observations showed that these results were most consistent for large boats (> 50 m). An analysis of AIS data coupled with a seabed map showed that around 30 % of the habitats between 0 and-80 m exhibited anchoring pressure. Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds were the most impacted habitat in terms of duration. This methodology efficiently estimates spatial and temporal anchoring pressure principally due to large boats and should interest managers of marine protected areas as much as coastline managers