Les femmes sur le marché du travail : Évidence empirique sur le rôle des politiques économiques et autres déterminants dans les pays de l'OCDE

Dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE, la participation des femmes au marché du travail a fortement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies (graphique 1). Ce processus n’a pas suivi le même déroulement temporel dans tous les pays : il a démarré plus tôt dans certains (par exemple les pays nordiques et les États- Unis), et au cours des deux dernières décennies, les progressions les plus fortes ont été enregistrées dans les pays à revenu plus faible...

Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries

This paper examines the determinants of female labour force participation in OECD countries, including a number of policy instruments such as the tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), childcare subsidies, child benefits, paid maternity and parental leaves, and tax incentives to sharing market work between spouses. The econometric analysis uses a panel data set covering 17 OECD countries over the period 1985-1999, and distinguishes between part-time and full-time female participation rates. It shows a positive impact on female participation of a more neutral tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), stronger tax incentives to share market work between spouses, childcare subsidies, and paid maternity and parental leaves Unlike childcare subsidies, child benefits reduce female participation due to an income effect and their lump-sum character. Finally, female education, the general labour market conditions, and cultural attitudes ... Participation des femmes au marché du travail : Tendances passées et principaux déterminants dans les pays de l'OCDE Cet article examine les déterminants de la participation des femmes au marché du travail dans les pays de l’OCDE, incluant un certain nombre d’instruments de politique économique tels que le traitement fiscal du deuxième revenu du foyer (par rapport à la taxation d’un individu célibataire), les subsides aux dépenses de garde d’enfants, les allocations familiales, les congés de maternité et parentaux rémunérés, ainsi que les incitants fiscaux à partager le travail rémunéré entre époux. L’analyse économétrique utilise une base de données de panel couvrant 17 pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1985-1999, et distingue entre taux de participation féminine à temps partiel et à temps complet. Elle révèle que la participation féminine est stimulée par un traitement fiscal plus neutre du deuxième revenu du foyer, de plus grands incitants fiscaux à partager le travail rémunéré entre époux, les subsides aux dépenses de garde d’enfants, et par les congés de maternité et parentaux ...economics of gender, efficiency, fiscal policies and behaviour of households, child care, labour force and employment, time allocation and labour supply (part-time employment, work sharing), government expenditure, size and structure, optimal taxation, garde d'enfants, allocation du temps, offre de travail, emploi à temps partiel, politiques publiques et comportement des ménages, économie de l'égalité des sexes, partage du travail, taille et structure, efficience, taxation optimale, force de travail et emploi, dépenses publiques

The Spanish Labor Market in a Cross-Country Perspective

The Spanish labor market is not working: the unemployment rate is structurally very high; wages are not very responsive to labor market conditions, causing a high cyclicality of unemployment; and the labor market is highly dual. Compared with the EU15, Spanish labor market institutions and policies stand out by the structure of its collective bargaining, which occurs mostly at an intermediate level, and by very high severance payments for permanent workers. Based on a quantitative analysis, the paper shows that moving away from the intermediate level of bargaining would go a long way toward bringing the unemployment rate closer to the EU15 average. The key reform needed to reduce the share of temporary workers is reducing employment protection of permanent workers. Substantially reforming the collective bargaining system and reducing the protection of permanent workers are likely to be highly complementary to secure a substantial reduction in the unemployment rate. The recent 2010 labor market reform attempts to address these issues, although its effects are still to materialize.Unemployment;Economic models;Labor costs;Labor markets;Wage bargaining;unemployment rate, employment, bargaining, unemployment benefits, employment protection, severance, unemployment benefit, employment protection legislation, unemployment rates, high unemployment, equilibrium unemployment, labor demand, social security, equilibrium unemployment rate, unemployment insurance, high unemployment rate, high employment, social assistance, employment subsidies, unemployed, labor force participation, rate of unemployment, employment growth, negotiations, equilibrium unemployment rates, employment promotion, effects on employment, employment creation, employment rates, temporary employment, permanent employee, duration of unemployment benefits, permanent employment, unemployment durations, labor force survey, employment costs, equilibrium ? unemployment, employment adjustment, effects of unemployment, public employment, duration of unemployment, average unemployment benefit, equilibrium ? unemployment rate, employment declines, increasing unemployment, frictional unemployment, job creation, average unemployment, incidence of unemployment, employment patterns, public employment services, employment services, new employee, unemployment increases, unemployed worker

Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Trade Agreements

The paper investigates whether the market size of a regional trade agreement (RTA) is a determinant of foreign direct investment (FDI) received by countries participating in the RTA. This hypothesis is tested on a sample of 71 developing countries during the period 1980-99. Evidence is found that the RTA market size had a positive impact on the FDI received by member countries, even more so in the 1990s when such agreements were revived and became more widespread. The size of domestic population also seemed to matter, possibly because of its effect on the availability of the labor supply. It appears, however, that not all countries in the RTA benefited to the same extent from the RTA: countries with a relatively more educated labor force and/or a relatively more stable financial situation tended to attract a larger share of FDI at the expense of their RTA partners. This evidence suggests it is essential for all RTA countries to improve their business environment to the best available in the region. Finally, a partial negative correlation between the FDI received by RTA countries and that received by non-RTA countries possibly reflects a diversion of FDI from non-RTA to RTA countries. As an illustration, FDI benefits are simulated from the creation of a regional trade agreement between Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.Foreign direct investment;Trade models;fdi, market size, domestic market, direct investment, regional trade, partner countries, regional trade agreements, trade agreements, common market, trade agreement, trade diversion, economic integration, trade openness, world investment, internal market, foreign investment, measure of trade, balance of payments, free trade, international trade, preferential agreements, internal tariffs, regional integration, international investment, trade integration, export barriers, trade data, domestic taxes, foreign direct investor, dynamic benefits, trade creation, openness measure, transport costs, foreign investors, andean pact, external tariff, foreign investment advisory service, manufacturing sector, dynamic gains, non-tariff barriers, increasing growth, trade arrangements, tariff barriers, import barriers, host country, direct foreign investment, multilateral free trade, domestic producers, member country, regional trade arrangements, market sizes, economic community, macroeconomic stability, trade liberalization, external protection