Advancing Women Faculty in Engineering through Institutional Transformation: The Iowa State University NSF ADVANCE Program in the College of Engineering

The goal of the ISU ADVANCE program is to investigate the effectiveness of a multilevel collaborative effort to produce institutional transformation that results in the full participation of women faculty in science, technology, engineering and math fields in the university. Our approach focuses on transforming departmental cultures (views, attitudes, norms and shared beliefs), practices (what people say and do), and structures (physical and social arrangements), as well as university policies, through participation of individuals at all levels of the university. At the department level, faculty in nine focal departments, three from the college of engineering, form the core department-level working groups. A three-step process for departmental transformation includes (1) focus groups to discuss department culture, practice and structure, (2) needs assessment meetings and training sessions tailored to meet the unique needs of individual departments, and (3) collaborative problem solving sessions involving department faculty and ADVANCE program leaders. Key partners are a college Equity Advisor , a department-embedded ADVANCE Professor and the department chair. The first ADVANCE department in the College of Engineering at ISU is Materials Science and Engineering. Two more departments will be added as the grant progresses. In the Spring of 2007, faculty in the department participated in focus group discussions and individual interviews with an external facilitator. The purpose of this data collection effort was to understand departmental cultures, practices and structures that support, or inhibit, faculty productivity. The data collected were analyzed and presented to the faculty in the Fall of 2007 as a basis for needs assessment. Collaboratively, faculty established benchmarks and goals for change that will enable full participation of women and all faculty. General strategies to be discussed include improving transparency in the promotion and tenure process, reducing isolation, improving mentoring, and emphasizing flexible career options

Water and beverage consumption among children age 4-13y in the United States: analyses of 2005–2010 NHANES data

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined water consumption patterns among US children. Additionally, recent data on total water consumption as it relates to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are lacking. This study evaluated the consumption of plain water (tap and bottled) and other beverages among US children by age group, gender, income-to-poverty ratio, and race/ethnicity. Comparisons were made to DRI values for water consumption from all sources. METHODS: Data from two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls from 3 cycles of NHANES (2005–2006, 2007–2008 and 2009–2010) were used to assess water and beverage consumption among 4,766 children age 4-13y. Beverages were classified into 9 groups: water (tap and bottled), plain and flavored milk, 100% fruit juice, soda/soft drinks (regular and diet), fruit drinks, sports drinks, coffee, tea, and energy drinks. Total water intakes from plain water, beverages, and food were compared to DRIs for the US. Total water volume per 1,000 kcal was also examined. RESULTS: Water and other beverages contributed 70-75% of dietary water, with 25-30% provided by moisture in foods, depending on age. Plain water, tap and bottled, contributed 25-30% of total dietary water. In general, tap water represented 60% of drinking water volume whereas bottled water represented 40%. Non-Hispanic white children consumed the most tap water, whereas Mexican-American children consumed the most bottled water. Plain water consumption (bottled and tap) tended to be associated with higher incomes. No group of US children came close to satisfying the DRIs for water. At least 75% of children 4-8y, 87% of girls 9-13y, and 85% of boys 9-13y did not meet DRIs for total water intake. Water volume per 1,000 kcal, another criterion of adequate hydration, was 0.85-0.95 L/1,000 kcal, short of the desirable levels of 1.0-1.5 L/1,000 kcal. CONCLUSIONS: Water intakes at below-recommended levels may be a cause for concern. Data on water and beverage intake for the population and by socio-demographic group provides useful information to target interventions for increasing water intake among children

Factors associated with water consumption among children: A systematic review

Background: Water is recommended as the main beverage for daily fluid intake. Previous systematic reviews have studied the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among children, but none have focused on water consumption. Insight into factors that are associated with children's water intake is needed to inform the development of interventions aimed at the promotion of water consumption. The objective of this review was therefore to summarize the current evidence on factors associated with water consumption among children aged 2 to 12 years. Methods: A systematic literature search in seven electronic databases was conducted in May, 2018 and retrieved 17,850 unique records. Two additional studies were identified by hand-searching references of included articles. Studies were selected if they had a cross-sectional or longitudinal study design, focused on children aged 2-12 years and published in an English language peer-reviewed journal. Participants from clinical populations, studies that included data of < 10 participants and non-human studies were excluded. Results: A total of 63 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. We identified 76 factors that were investigated in these studies; 17/76 were investigated in a longitudinal study. There was evidence of positive associations between water consumption and child's self-efficacy, parental education level, parental self-efficacy, use of feeding practices such as restriction or encouraging healthy eating and study year. Evidence was inconsistent (< 60% of studies reported an association) for child's age, sex, BMI, consumption of SSBs and ethnic background of the parent. There was no evidence (≤33% of studies reported an association) of associations between consumption of milk or juice, parental emotional-, modelling-or instrumental feeding practices, eating school lunch or outside temperature and water consumption. The remaining 54 factors were investigated in fewer than three studies. Conclusions: There is some evidence for an association between potentially modifiable parental and child-related factors and water consumption. However, most factors identified in this review were only studied by one or two studies and most studies were cross-sectional. More longitudinal research is necessary to investigate environmental, parental and child-related factors associated with water consumption that are currently under-studied and could further inform intervention strategies. Trial registration: PROSPERO ID# CRD42018093362, registered May 22, 2018

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Child stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stunting and anaemia in in Zimbabwe. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised, community-based, 2 × 2 factorial trial in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Clusters were defined as the catchment area of between one and four village health workers employed by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. Women were eligible for inclusion if they permanently lived in clusters and were confirmed pregnant. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to standard of care (52 clusters), IYCF (20 g of a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement per day from age 6 to 18 months plus complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters), WASH (construction of a ventilated improved pit latrine, provision of two handwashing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, and play space plus hygiene counselling; 53 clusters), or IYCF plus WASH (53 clusters). A constrained randomisation technique was used to achieve balance across the groups for 14 variables related to geography, demography, water access, and community-level sanitation coverage. Masking of participants and fieldworkers was not possible. The primary outcomes were infant length-for-age Z score and haemoglobin concentrations at 18 months of age among children born to mothers who were HIV negative during pregnancy. These outcomes were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. We estimated the effects of the interventions by comparing the two IYCF groups with the two non-IYCF groups and the two WASH groups with the two non-WASH groups, except for outcomes that had an important statistical interaction between the interventions. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01824940. FINDINGS: Between Nov 22, 2012, and March 27, 2015, 5280 pregnant women were enrolled from 211 clusters. 3686 children born to HIV-negative mothers were assessed at age 18 months (884 in the standard of care group from 52 clusters, 893 in the IYCF group from 53 clusters, 918 in the WASH group from 53 clusters, and 991 in the IYCF plus WASH group from 51 clusters). In the IYCF intervention groups, the mean length-for-age Z score was 0·16 (95% CI 0·08-0·23) higher and the mean haemoglobin concentration was 2·03 g/L (1·28-2·79) higher than those in the non-IYCF intervention groups. The IYCF intervention reduced the number of stunted children from 620 (35%) of 1792 to 514 (27%) of 1879, and the number of children with anaemia from 245 (13·9%) of 1759 to 193 (10·5%) of 1845. The WASH intervention had no effect on either primary outcome. Neither intervention reduced the prevalence of diarrhoea at 12 or 18 months. No trial-related serious adverse events, and only three trial-related adverse events, were reported. INTERPRETATION: Household-level elementary WASH interventions implemented in rural areas in low-income countries are unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia and might not reduce diarrhoea. Implementation of these WASH interventions in combination with IYCF interventions is unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia more than implementation of IYCF alone. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust, Swiss Development Cooperation, UNICEF, and US National Institutes of Health.The SHINE trial is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542 and OPP113707); UK Department for International Development; Wellcome Trust, UK (093768/Z/10/Z, 108065/Z/15/Z and 203905/Z/16/Z); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; US National Institutes of Health (2R01HD060338-06); and UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002)

Hydratation de l’enfant

Le corps des enfants est composé de plus d’eau que celui des adultes. Par ailleurs, ils ont propor - tionnellement des pertes et des besoins en eau supérieurs à ceux des adultes. De ce fait, ils sont plus à risque de déshydratation, aussi est-il important de reconnaître les premiers signes de déshydratation. Des études menées en France et dans d’autres pays soulignent le niveau trop faible de consommation d’eau des enfants, ceux-ci ne couvrant pas leurs apports journaliers recommandés. En France, une étude a révélé que deux tiers des enfants présentent un déficit hydrique à leur arrivée à l’école, malgré la prise d’un petit déjeuner. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire de mettre en place des moyens pédagogiques pour éduquer les parents et le personnel enseignant quant à l’importance de maintenir une bonne hydratation des enfants tout au long de la journée. Faciliter l’accès à l’eau dans l’environnement quotidien des enfants, notamment à l’école et lors des activités physiques, constitue également un moyen de les encourager à une consommation d’eau régulière

Diagnostic anténatal et néonatal de la toxoplasmose congénitale ( apports et limites des techniques biologiques )

AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Pharmacie (130552105) / SudocSudocFranceF

UTILISATION DE BOUE THERMALE EN PATHOLOGIE RHUMATISMALE (COMPARAISON DE DEUX MODALITES D'APPLICATION DE BOUE)

NANCY1-SCD Pharmacie-Odontologie (543952101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Advancing Women Faculty in Engineering through Institutional Transformation: The Iowa State University NSF ADVANCE Program in the College of Engineering

The goal of the ISU ADVANCE program is to investigate the effectiveness of a multilevel collaborative effort to produce institutional transformation that results in the full participation of women faculty in science, technology, engineering and math fields in the university. Our approach focuses on transforming departmental cultures (views, attitudes, norms and shared beliefs), practices (what people say and do), and structures (physical and social arrangements), as well as university policies, through participation of individuals at all levels of the university. At the department level, faculty in nine focal departments, three from the college of engineering, form the core department-level working groups. A three-step process for departmental transformation includes (1) focus groups to discuss department culture, practice and structure, (2) needs assessment meetings and training sessions tailored to meet the unique needs of individual departments, and (3) collaborative problem solving sessions involving department faculty and ADVANCE program leaders. Key partners are a college "Equity Advisor", a department-embedded "ADVANCE Professor" and the department chair. The first ADVANCE department in the College of Engineering at ISU is Materials Science and Engineering. Two more departments will be added as the grant progresses. In the Spring of 2007, faculty in the department participated in focus group discussions and individual interviews with an external facilitator. The purpose of this data collection effort was to understand departmental cultures, practices and structures that support, or inhibit, faculty productivity. The data collected were analyzed and presented to the faculty in the Fall of 2007 as a basis for needs assessment. Collaboratively, faculty established benchmarks and goals for change that will enable full participation of women and all faculty. General strategies to be discussed include improving transparency in the promotion and tenure process, reducing isolation, improving mentoring, and emphasizing flexible career options.</p

Water and beverage consumption patterns among 4 to 13-year-old children in the United Kingdom

Abstract Background The UK government has announced a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The aim of this study was to assess consumption patterns for plain drinking water relative to sugary beverages among UK children. Methods Dietary intake data for 845 children aged 4–13 years came from the nationally representative cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey, 2008–2011. Beverage categories were drinking water (tap or bottled), milk, 100% fruit juices, soda, fruit drinks, tea, coffee, sports drinks, flavored waters, and liquid supplements. Consumption patterns were examined by age group, gender, household incomes, time and location of consumption, region and seasonality. Total water consumption from drinking water, beverages, and foods, and the water-to-calorie ratios (L/kcal) were compared to the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) adequate intake standards. Results Total water intake (1338 ml/d) came from plain water (19%), beverages (48%), and food moisture (33%). Plain drinking water provided 258 g/d (241 g/d for children aged 4–8 years; 274 g/d for 9–13 years), mostly (83.8%) from tap. Water and beverages supplied 901 g /d of water. Tap water consumption increased with income and was highest in the South of England. The consumption of bottled water, soda, tea and coffee increased with age, whereas milk consumption declined. About 88.7% of children did not meet EFSA adequate intake standards. The daily water shortfall ranged from 322 ml/d to 659 ml/d. Water-to-calorie ratio was 0.845 L/1000 kcal short of desirable levels of 1.0–1.5 L/1000 kcal. Conclusion Total water intake were at 74.8% of EFSA reference values. Drinking water consumption among children in the UK was well below US and French estimates