Antifungal activity of essential oils and homemade fungicides against Passalora Fulva

Passalora fulva is a pathogen which causes the disease on tomato known as the tomato leaf mold. In the greenhouses, this disease causes big problems during the fall, in early winter and spring, due to the high relative humidity of air and the temperature. The development of the disease is quick, moving from lower to upper leaves so the controlling must be done as soon as possible. The antifungal activity of medicinal plants bioactive compounds has gained a lot of attention within the scientific community. The main factor is the growing problem of multidrug resistance among pathogenic fungi. In addition, medicinal plant oils are the promising sources of antifungal drugs. Based on these facts, the present study emphasizes the importance of plants EOs as an alternative against pathogenic fungi causing tomato leaf mould. The spread of pesticide resistant pathogens is one of the most severe threats to successful treatment of microbial diseases. Renewed recent interest towards EOs utilization has been attributed to several factors, including a general revival in the appeal of ‘natural’ products, the desire for antimicrobial compounds with considerably better safety and toxicity profiles, and more importantly, the need for alternative ways to conventional antimicrobial, since they show reduced susceptibility to many major pathogens. In this paper we have analyzed possible substitutes to synthetic pesticides in controlling the fungus. Since the potential of essential oils (EOs) as antimicrobial agents is well established and farmers around the world already use traditional recipes, we have decided to test a fair amount of essential oils and homemade fungicides against the growth of Passalora fulva mycelium. We have discovered cloves EO kills the fungus at any tested concentration. The next EOs with strong effects are cinnamon, lemongrass, palmarosa, oregano and oil grass. The rest of EOs have shown a medium inhibitory effect

The influence of agrometeorological characteristics of the agricultural year 2019-2020 on wheat crop in the North-East part of Moldova

The study based on the aforementioned theme puts to distinguish specifics agrometeorological characteristics of the agricultural year 2019-2020 in the North-East part of Moldova, and its influence on growth and yield in winter wheat crop. It’s presented the average values of precipitations and air temperature for the last decade and the values of precipitations and air temperature recorded between September 2019 and July 2020 and its influence in winter wheat crop. The climatic conditions encountered during the agricultural year 2019-2020 and, especially in the first half of 2020 made this year a very special one, being characterized by the presence of a severe drought, with strong negative influences on growth of cultivated plants and especially of winter wheat

Contribution to the knowledge of the micromycetes from the spontaneous flora identified in Iasi county region, Romania

Permanent knowledge of distribution, diversity and interactions between organisms, plants and the environment in which they live is extremely important for the conservation of biodiversity. Interest for biodiversity conservation is intensified by concern bout the conservation of genetic resources, destruction of forest, extinction of species and the effects of global warming. This paper presents some parasitic micromycetes identified on plant species from different areas of Iasi County. In our fieldwork made in the spring of 2021 year were indentified some parasitic micromycetes to spontaneous flora species as: fumewort (Corydalis solida L. Clairv.), alpine squill (Scilla bifolia L.), buttercup anemone (Anemone ranunculoides), lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria L.) și snake's head fritillary (Fritillaria meleagrioides Patrin ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Identified micromycetes cause some plant diseases as downy mildew or rust and this fungi species belong to some different taxonomy: Those who cause downy mildew are from Oomycetes class, and rust are from Teliomycetes class as Tranzschelia, Puccinia.și Uromyces genera

Analysis of deoxynivalenol in cereals and foods derived from them, at the level of Iasi county

The paper presents information on deoxynivalenol contamination of cereals and food products derived from them, in Iasi County, in the 2015-2019 study interval. Data are presented on the incidence of deoxynivalenol, which has a negative influence on food safety, with a negative impact on the consumer’s health. The study was conducted to assess the level of contamination of cereals and food products derived from them in Iasi County and to adopt European Commission regulations on maximum levels of mycotoxins in various raw materials and products for human consumption.The method used for the study is a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which allows to obtain exact concentrations for the studied mycotoxin, expressed in µg / kg. The obtained results were within the maximum limits allowed by the current specific legislation

Effects of storage temperature, duration and inoculation methods on Bradyrhizobium japonicum growth with soybean

The positive effect of root-nodulating strains of Bradyrhizobium spp in soybean in terms of biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth and development is still a main focus in the present. According to the literature, a concentration of 105 -106 bacteria on the seed, will guarantees that the root can be infected during the germination process, and in this way will achieve early nodulation. In this research the effects of storage temperature, duration and inoculation methods on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum growth on soybean seeds and the performance of soybean bacterial inoculant on seeds under field conditions were determinate. The results showed that the storage of the inoculated seeds at low temperature (5-10°C) can assure a very good root infection in order to obtain a higher nodule number and after 90 days, whether the inoculation was done in station or factory. The registered results showed values which ranged from 0.03*105 to 5.06*105 CFU/seed. In case of the performance of soybean bradyrhizobia inoculants on seeds under field conditions we determined that from the soybean tap roots, the highest number of nodules was 138, while the lowest number was 42 nodules. Regarding the total weight of the nodules prevailed from the tap roots, the highest registered values was 4748.0 mg. In case of secondary roots, the highest number of nodules was 353, while the lowest number was 103

Occurrence and frequency of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.Sp. tritici) of winter wheat in Nord-East of Romania, between 2015-2018

Wheat crop are damaged by numerous pathogens, which can produce important yields losses. Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f.sp. tritici Em. Marchal, anamorph Oidium monilioides Link. is an important pathogen present annually in wheat fields, and yield losses attributed to this disease range from 13% to 34%, when the degree of infestation is low, but in the cases when the pressure of infection is high the losses can be over 50%, reaching even the total production compromise. The paper presented the behavior of 35 winter wheat cultivars, represented by Romanian varieties: 11368G1, 11424G1, 11838G8, Boema, Glosa, Izvor, Litera, Miranda FDL, Otilia, Pajura, Pitar, Semnal, Unitar, Ursita, Vestitor, Voevod, Voinic, Zamolxe, Zina, Zamfira, respectively from A.R.D.S. Turda: Andrada, Codru, Dumbrava, T.19-10, T.42-05, T.55-01, T.62-01, T.95-12, T.109-12, T.118-11, T.123-11, T.124-11, T.143-11, T.150-11 and Bezostaia 1 (control variant) based on the dates obtained in three years of field trials (2015-2018), performing at Didactic Station Iasi - Ezăreni Farm. The winter wheat varieties exhibited a wide variability over the studied pathogen, during the study period, variability determined by the characteristics of the agricultural year and by each winter wheat variety

Crop species and year seasons as determinants of microbiota structure in chernozem soil in the southeast region of Moldavia, Romania

In this study, we examined the diversity and abundance of microbial communities isolated from chernozem soil type in response to crop species and season from southeast region of Moldavia, Romania. Soil types, plant species, season, human activities and various land management regimes all have great impact on soil biology, but our knowledge of biodiversity of soil microorganisms is still very limited. Therefore, during 2018 we assessed the variation of microbial community in chernozem soil and its response to plant species (rapeseed, sunflower, sugar beet, wheat and maize) and season (spring, autumn). At each site, five replicate bulk samples were taken, consisting of 10 randomly collected subsamples from the surface soil (10-15 cm horizon). The samples were transported to the laboratory, stored overnight at 4°C, air-dried at room temperature and sieved (2-mm mesh) prior to further use in the experiment. The influence of crop species and season on the total number of microorganisms (CFU g -1 ), relationships between the main groups (bacteria and fungi) and the spectrum of filamentous fungi from our experiment were established. The abundance of the microbial community from all crop species were ranked as follows: wheat (19.2 x 106 CFU g–1 ) > sunflower (1.3 x 106 CFU g–1 ) > maize (1.1 x 106 CFU g–1 ) > sugar beet (0.6 x 106 CFU g–1 ) > rapeseed (0.4 x 106 CFU g–1 ). In case of yearly seasons, the microbial abundance decreased from spring to autumn. Occurrence and distribution of filamentous fungi isolated from soil samples provide new insights into ecology and niche specialization of several soil-borne species. Overall, genera composition of filamentous fungi from chernozem soil cultivated with different crop species was not very heterogeneous and most fungal genera were common to all location. Our results suggest that crop species and yearly seasons have a significant impact on microbial richness and diversity. Extensive use of xenobiotic compounds in agriculture will degrade soil microbial communities, because they affect directly microbial abundance and composition, and indirectly soil texture and fertility

Impact of climatic conditions on yield and plant diseases of winter wheat in North-Eastern Romania

Climate elements, such as temperature and atmospheric precipitation, are driving factors in plant diseases developmenet and vary widely between years. Weather factors play a decisive role in achieving higher yields and in the development of plant pathogens. Besides temperature and atmospheric precipitation, wind and relative humidity of the air, play an important role in the development of diseases. In this study are presented the results obtained during the period 2015- 2018, in the northeastern part of Romania, Iasi county. During the three agricultural years studied, the climatic conditions were different from one year to the next. The influence of climatic factors was observed as a result of differences in production yields and the presence of the pathogens and the frequency with which they were manifested. In view of climate change and unfavorable influence on the agricultural sector, cultivation of the most suitable varieties can lead to higher yields, even in years when climatic conditions are unfavorable

Black point incidence in some winter wheat varieties cultivated in North-Eastern Romania

Black point is a common disease in all wheat growing regions of the world and is an important quality defect of the wheat kernel. Black point can be characterized by a dark brown to black discoloration of the pericarp and testa, primarily embryo sides of the grains. Wheat kernel black point disease is associated with many microorganisms, both fungi or bacteria, but those most usually responsable for these symptoms are species of the fungus Alternaria alternata, Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.. This study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of black point on some winter wheat cultivars in the nord-est area of Romania. Twenty-eight (Triticum aestivum L.) winter wheat varieties were compared for reaction to black point in a 2-years field trials. There were individual varietal differences in black point incidence within each of the varieties

Microogranisms associated with black point disease

Black point disease is characterized by a brown to black discoloration of wheat kernels. The disease can be a problem in regions where are registered heavy rainfall during de early stage of kernels development. Black point disease is associated with many microorganisms, both fungi or bacteria, but those most usually responsible for these symptoms are species of the fungus Alternaria alternate, Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. The aims of this study were to identify microorganisms associated with black point disease of wheat. The kernels of twenty-eight winter wheat varieties were analyzed for the purpose of determining the microorganisms associated with the black point