11 research outputs found
The pancreaticoduodenal arteries in human foetal development
Knowledge of the course of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries is of great importance
in pancreatic surgery. Lack of care in the preparation of these vessels may
lead to ischaemia or necrosis of the duodenum, the first loop of the jejunum,
the head of the pancreas and even the liver, bile ducts and transverse colon. In
such events, the surgeon would need to diagnose the course of the vessels and
their anastomoses intraoperatively. Anatomical dissection in this special area
diminishes the risk of early complications in the form of bleeding and late complications
in the form of narrowing of the anastomoses, fistulas, necrosis and
intestinal ileus after surgical resection or drainage. The aim of the present study
was to determine the variability of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in human
foetuses. The material examined consisted of 60 human foetuses of both sexes
(33 male, 27 female) from spontaneous abortion or stillbirth and ranging in age
from the 16th to 38th week of prenatal life. White latex solution to of volume
between 15 ml and 30 ml was injected into the thoracic aorta. The results of this
were that a typical pancreatic supply from the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric
artery was observed in all cases. The coeliac trunk, splenic artery and gastroduodenal
artery also appeared invariably. However, variability was observed
in further generations of branches. The gastroduodenal artery with its branches,
the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, was constantly present.
Irrespective of the sex of the foetus, in 10% of cases a large vessel was observed
which ran horizontally on the anterior surface of the pancreas from head to tail
and which originated in the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. We
termed this vessel the "anterior pancreatic artery". In all cases there were anterior
and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades, but in two cases (3.3%) a double
anterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade was observed
The variability and morphometry of the brachiocephalic trunk in human foetuses
In prenatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery knowledge of the various arrangements
of the aortic arch and its branches as well as the normative data are
essential. The variability and morphometric features of the brachiocephalic trunk in
131 human foetuses (65 male, 66 female) ranging from 15 to 34 weeks of gestation
were studied by means of anatomical, digital and statistical methods. In all
the foetuses examined the left aortic arches were found to have three different
arrangements. In 74.05% of cases the usual pattern of the aortic arch with its
three main branches were observed. A common origin of the brachiocephalic
trunk and left common carotid artery occurred in 20.61% of individuals. In 5.34%
of cases the left vertebral artery was an additional vessel and arose from the aortic
arch between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries. No significant gender
differences were found with respect to the brachiocephalic trunk (p ≥ 0.05).
The developmental increase in length (r1 = 0.78) and diameter (r2 = 0.83) correlated
with a linear function but the increase in volume in relation to age corresponded
to a quadratic function (r3 = 0.73). Our results show the largest increases
in the brachiocephalic trunk according to the following parameters: the length
- between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 8th months, diameter - between the 8th
and 9th months and volume - between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 9th months of
gestation (p ≤ 0.01). The present study constructs a normal range for the morphometric
features of the foetal brachiocephalic trunk
Morphometry of the pancreas in human foetuses
With the use of conventional anatomical dissection, radiography, digital and
statistical analysis, morphometry and skeletopy of the pancreas was carried out
in 60 human foetuses of both sexes (28 female, 32 male) between the 17th and
40th week of intrauterine life. The material was fixed in a 10% formalin solution.
The age of the foetuses was determined by crown-rump (CR) lenght measurement
on the basis of the Iffy et al. tables. Photographic documentation was
made and then digitally processed in the Computer Image Digital Analysis System.
The following parameters were taken into account: the length and width
of 3 parts of the pancreas, namely the head, corpus and tail. Additionally, radiograms
were made to obtain a projection of the gland on the vertebral column.
Development of the pancreas was correlated with the age of the foetuses calculated
on the basis of crown-rump (CR) lenght measurements. The correlation
coefficient with CR was 0.998 for the pancreas length, 0.709 for the width of
the head, 0.703 for the width of the corpus and 0.712 for the width of tail.
Gender dimorphism was not found (p > 0.05) with regard to the morphometry
of the pancreas. In the material under examination the pancreas did not change
its position in relation to the vertebral column. The head projected on the vertebral
column in the range Th12–L2 (most frequently L1–L2), the corpus on Th12–L2
and the tail on Th11
Digital-image analysis of the left common carotid artery in human foetuses
The rate of growth of the left common carotid artery during gestation has not
been sufficiently evaluated. The present study was performed on 128 spontaneously
aborted human foetuses aged 15–34 weeks to compile normative data
for the dimensions of the left common carotid artery at varying gestational
ages. Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (system of Leica Q
Win Pro 16) and statistical analysis (ANOVA, regression analysis), a range of
measurements (length, original external diameter and volume) for the left common
carotid artery during gestation was examined. No significant gender differences
were found (p > 0.05). The growth curves of the best fit for the plot
of each morphometric parameter against gestational age were generated. The
lengths ranged from 14.82 ± 2.22 to 42.84 ± 4.32 mm, according to the
linear model y = -9.6918 + 1.5963 x ± 3.1706 (r = 0.95; p < 0.001). The
original external diameter increased from 0.72 ± 0.18 to 3.28 ± 0.40 mm,
according to the linear function y = –1.5228 + 0.1428 x ± 0.2749 (r = 0.95;
p < 0.001). The left common carotid artery-to-aortic root diameter ratio
increased from 0.356 ± 0.062 to 0.480 ± 0.101. The left common carotid
artery-to-aortic arch diameter ratio increased from 0.447 ± 0.079 to 0.535 ±
± 0.113. The volume ranged from 6.73 ± 4.06 to 369.30 ± 107.42 mm3 in
accordance with the quadratic function y = 344.8 – 41.001 x + 1.254 x2 ±
± 46.955 (R2 = 0.87). The parameters examined have clinical application in
the early recognition of arterial abnormalities, especially aortic coarctation
The retroperitoneal anastomoses of the gonadal veins in human foetuses
In the retroperitoneal space the gonadal veins form a collateral circulation that
has a great clinical impact on sclerotherapy or surgical ligation of varicoceles.
The aim of this study was to examine the communications of the gonadal veins
(according to classification, frequency of appearance, gender and syntopic
differences) in human foetuses of both sexes (71 males and 59 females) aged
4–6 months of intrauterine life. On the right side the most frequently were
found the gonadal-periureteral anastomosis (23%) and the gonadal-perirenal
anastomosis (22%). A gonadal-lumbar anastomosis on the right side appeared
in 7% of cases. On the left side the most frequent (37%) was the gonadalperirenal
anastomosis, more frequently occurring as an ovarian-perirenal anastomosis
(48%) than as a testicular-perirenal anastomosis (29%). Gonadal-periureteral
anastomoses were found in a quarter of cases. Gonadal-lumbar anastomoses
were observed in 7% of individuals. On the left side the gonadal-mesenteric
inferior anastomosis was specifically observed (21%) as an ovarian-mesenteric
inferior anastomosis (24%) and a testicular-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (19%).
The cross-communications between the right and left gonadal veins (7%) were
more frequently as the bilateral testicular (9.7%) than as the bilateral ovarian
one (3%). In female foetuses gonadal-perirenal anastomoses occurred with statistically
greater frequency than gonadal-periureteral anastomoses (p ≤ 0.05).
The frequency of cross-communications of the gonadal veins was three times
greater in male foetuses (p ≤ 0.01). Statistical analysis revealed a significantly
greater frequency of left-sided anastomoses: the gonadal-perirenal in both sexes
(p ≤ 0.05), the gonadal-periureteral in males (P ≤ 0.05) and the gonadalmesenteric
inferior in both sexes (p ≤ 0.01)
Superficial brachioulnar artery in man
The individual arterial pattern of the upper limb is considerably variable (11–24%)and relevant for intraarterial interventions performed by cardiologists, plasticand vascular surgeons, radiologists, anaesthesiologists, transplant specialists,orthopaedists and neurosurgeons. Arterial variants in the upper limb result frommodifications in the maintenance and regression of the initial capillary plexus,which forms dominant arterial channels and gradually expands into the growingupper limb bud between stages 12 and 21. In this case report we present thesuperficial brachioulnar artery with its external diameter of 3 mm and lengthof 525 mm, and of relevant course in the left upper limb of a 78-year-old maleCaucasian formalin-fixed cadaver. The superficial brachioulnar artery unusuallystarted with the superior part of axillary artery, presented the following five parts:axillary, brachial, cubital, antebrachial and palmar, and was finally continuous withthe superficial palmar arch. The typical ulnar artery was somewhat hypoplasticand limited to the forearm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reportin the professional literature to describe the start of the superficial brachioulnarartery with the superior part of axillary artery. We conclude the individual arterialpattern of the upper limb to be indispensably recognised preoperatively, so asto circumvent any unwanted injuries to the superficial brachioulnar artery thatis considerably large, overlies the antebrachial fascia and supplies the superficialpalmar arch