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    ВлияниС Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ

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    Resin acid amides of rosin, depending on the structure, can have both a hydrophobizing and hardening effect on paper pulps. It has been established that the developed products of rosin modification (adhesive rosin composition TMAS3N and polyamide resin ProChem DUO) containing amides of resin acids, when introduced into paper pulps made from fibrous suspensions of sulphate cellulose (unbleached and bleached) of coniferous and broad-leaved species and waste paper, different in the degree of grinding (25, 40 and 70 Β°ShR), contribute to the increase in the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction. The effect of the TMAS-3N emulsion was compared with the traditionally used TM and AKD sizing emulsions. The introduction of the TMAS-3N emulsion into paper pulps (0.40 % of a. d. w.) provides the maximum increase in the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction made from cellulose, equal to 16.7–88.6 %, and from waste paper – 19.4–75.4 %, which is 1.6–6.4 and 2.3–4.5 times more compared to TM emulsion, respectively. The achieved positive effect is due to the presence in the TMAS-3H emulsion of particles of the dispersed phase of hydroxyethylamides and aminoethyl ethers capable of forming hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups on the mating surfaces of cellulose fibers. Sizing paper stocks with AKD emulsion reduces the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction over the entire range of paper content studied. Polyamide resin ProChem DUO, which is a polyaminoamide of rosin resin acids, at its content in paper stocks of 0.10 %, increases the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction, made from cellulose and waste paper suspensions, by 50.0–92.3 and 44.4–63.5 %, respectively. The obtained results of increasing the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction by resin acid amides of rosin are in full agreement with the mechanism of bridged bonds and the theory of hydrogen bonds.Амиды смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ структуры ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ массы ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ дСйствиС. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ модифицирования ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ (клССвая ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ композиция ВМАБ-3Н ΠΈ полиамидная смола ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ₯ΠΈΠΌ DUO), содСрТащиС Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ смоляных кислот, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ массы, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· волокнистых суспСнзий Ρ†Π΅Π»Π»ΡŽΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ (Π½Π΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ) Ρ…Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ листвСнных ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° (25, 40 ΠΈ 70 Β°Π¨Π ), ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ прочности ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ДСйствиС ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠΈ ВМАБ-3Н сравнивали с Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ примСняСмыми ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ВМ ΠΈ AKD. Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠΈ ВМАБ-3Н Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ массы (0,40 % ΠΎΡ‚ Π°. с. Π².) обСспСчиваСт ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ прирост прочности ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π»Π»ΡŽΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ 16,7–88,6 %, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ – 19,4–75,4 %, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ВМ большС Π² 1,6–6,4 ΠΈ 2,3–4,5 Ρ€Π°Π·Π° соотвСтствСнно. Достигнутый ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ эффСкт обусловлСн Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠΈ ВМАБ-3Н частиц диспСрсной Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ оксиэтиламидов ΠΈ аминоэтиловых эфиров смоляных кислот, способных ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ связи с Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° сопряТСнных повСрхностях Ρ†Π΅Π»Π»ΡŽΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… масс ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ AKD сниТаСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ всСм исслСдуСмом ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π΅ Π΅Π΅ содСрТания. Полиамидная смола ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ₯ΠΈΠΌ DUO, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ собой ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ содСрТании Π΅Π΅ Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… массах 0,10 % ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π»Π»ΡŽΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… суспСнзий, Π½Π° 50,0–92,3 ΠΈ 44,4–63,5 % соотвСтствСнно. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ прочности ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ мостиковых связСй ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй

    Fine structure and optical pumping of spins in individual semiconductor quantum dots

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    We review spin properties of semiconductor quantum dots and their effect on optical spectra. Photoluminescence and other types of spectroscopy are used to probe neutral and charged excitons in individual quantum dots with high spectral and spatial resolution. Spectral fine structure and polarization reveal how quantum dot spins interact with each other and with their environment. By taking advantage of the selectivity of optical selection rules and spin relaxation, optical spin pumping of the ground state electron and nuclear spins is achieved. Through such mechanisms, light can be used to process spins for use as a carrier of information

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π· ΠΈ свойства Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° основС Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты ΠΈ диэтилСнтриамина

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    Chemical interaction of abietic acid with diethylenetriamine at molar ratio of 1,0 : 1,2 and temperatures of 190 and 210 Β°Π‘ allows to obtain a product with acid number of 55 and 18 mg КОН/g, temperature of softening of 24-26 Β°Π‘ and 29-31 Β°Π‘ respectively, mixing unlimitedly with water and thermally stable up to 300 Β°Π‘. This product can be used as a functional substance, capable of giving some water repellency to paper and cardboard and improving its strength.Π₯имичСскоС взаимодСйствиС Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты с диэтилСнтриамином ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ мольном ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1,0:1,2 ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ… 190 ΠΈ 210 Β°Π‘ позволяСт ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ с кислотным числом 55 ΠΈ 18 ΠΌΠ³ КОН/Π³, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ размягчСния 24-26 Β°Π‘ ΠΈ 29-31 Β°Π‘ соотвСтствСнно, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ с Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ тСрмичСской ΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΉΡ‡ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π΄ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ 300Β°Π‘. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² качСствС Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства, способного ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ гидрофобности ΠΈ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ прочностныС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ

    ΠœΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ для ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ… Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ дСйствия Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½

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    The modification of rosin resin acids, which improves their hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard, is based on the implementation of 6 stages. Control of chemical processes at each stage is carried out by monitoring and regulating temperature and flow parameters, which determine the achievement of the required physical and chemical properties and composition of intermediates and final substance. One of the main indicators is the acid number, which for the final substance should be 60–70 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to the content of free resin acids in the functional substance of 40–45 %. The fulfillment of the specified temperature and consumption parameters for the modification of resin acids of rosin and the achievement of the necessary physicochemical properties of intermediates at each stage ensures the production of a functional substance with an improved hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard. Compared to the traditionally used TM adhesive-paste, the developed functional substance in the production of paper with absorbency at one-sided wetting of not more than 21 g/m2 provides a reduction in the content of particles of the dispersed phase of the rosin emulsion by 1.4–2.0 times, which indicates its improved properties, and maximum preservation of the original strength of the paper by reducing the distance between the fibers due to a 3.3–3.8 times reduction (from 4200–5000 to 1100–1480 nm) in the size of sizing complexes.ΠœΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ дСйствия Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½, основано Π½Π° осущСствлСнии 6 стадий. Π£ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ химичСскими процСссами Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ стадии осущСствляСтся ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ контроля ΠΈ рСгулирования Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ расходных ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… достиТСниС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСских свойств ΠΈ состава ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства. Один ΠΈΠ· основных ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ – кислотноС число, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ для ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ 60–70 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соотвСтствуСт ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡŽ свободных смоляных кислот Π² Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ вСщСствС 40–45 %. Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ расходных ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² модифицирования смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ достиТСниС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСских свойств ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ стадии ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вСщСства, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ дСйствиСм Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½. По ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅ΠΌ-пастой ВМ, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ вСщСство ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ с Π²ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ одностороннСм смачивании Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 21 Π³/ΠΌ2 обСспСчиваСт сниТСниС содСрТания частиц диспСрсной Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1,4–2,0 Ρ€Π°Π·Π°, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ± Π΅Π΅ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… свойствах, ΠΈ максимальноС сохранСниС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ прочности Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π·Π° счСт ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ расстояния ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ благодаря сниТСнию Π² 3,3–3,8 Ρ€Π°Π·Π° (ΠΎΡ‚ 4200–5000 Π΄ΠΎ 1100–1480 Π½ΠΌ) Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… комплСксов

    Spin relaxation in low-dimensional systems

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    We review some of the newest findings on the spin dynamics of carriers and excitons in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells. In intrinsic wells, where the optical properties are dominated by excitonic effects, we show that exciton-exciton interaction produces a breaking of the spin degeneracy in two-dimensional semiconductors. In doped wells, the two spin components of an optically created two-dimensional electron gas are well described by Fermi-Dirac distributions with a common temperature but different chemical potentials. The rate of the spin depolarization of the electron gas is found to be independent of the mean electron kinetic energy but accelerated by thermal spreading of the carriers.Comment: 1 PDF file, 13 eps figures, Proceedings of the 1998 International Workshop on Nanophysics and Electronics (NPE-98)- Lecce (Italy

    Новый азотсодСрТащий ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ с ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ дСйствиСм Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½

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    A new nitrogen-containing product based on tall oil rosin, adipic acid and diethylenetriamine is capable of simultaneously exerting a strengthening and hydrophobizing effect on paper and cardboard made both from primary (cellulose) and secondary (waste paper) fibers. The strengthening effect is due to the presence in its structure of nitrogen-containing groups –NH2 and –NH– capable of forming additional interfiber bonds with negatively charged hydroxyl groups of cellulose macromolecules. Hydrophobizing effect is provided by resin acids included in the product. Preparation of the product with preset physicochemical properties (acid number not more than 40 mg KOH/g, solubility in water, cationic character and thermal stability at a temperature of at least 135 Β°C) was carried out in three stages. The first stage is the tall oil resin acids modification with diethylenetriamine; the second stage is the polycondensation of the resin acid amides obtained in the first stage with adipic acid and diethylenetriamine; the final stage is water dilution of the product formed in the second stage, to a solids content of 10–12 %. In paper masses containing primary and secondary fibers glued with alkylketene dimers (Fennosize KD 225 YP), the replacement of the import strengthening agent (cationic starch Hi-Cat) with a new nitrogen-containing product allows us, first, to increase the dry strength of paper and cardboard and improve hydrophobicity and, secondly, to prevent undesirable process of β€œsticking” when storing paper samples (elementary layers of cardboard).Новый азотсодСрТащий ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π½Π° основС Ρ‚Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты ΠΈ диэтилСнтриамина способСн ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ дСйствиС Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (Ρ†Π΅Π»Π»ΡŽΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ…), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ…). Π£ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ дСйствиС обусловлСно Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ структурС азотсодСрТащих Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ –NH2 ΠΈ –NH–, способных ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ связи с ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ заряТСнными Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. Π“ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ дСйствиС ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ смоляныС кислоты, входящиС Π² состав ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π° с Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСскими свойствами (кислотноС число Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 40 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, тСрмичСская ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 135 Β°Π‘) осущСствляли Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ стадии: 1 – ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ смоляных кислот Ρ‚Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ диэтилСнтриамином; 2 – поликондСнсация Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² смоляных кислот ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ стадии, с Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислотой ΠΈ диэтилСнтриамином; 3 – Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ стадии, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ содСрТания сухих вСщСств 10–12 %. Π’ Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… массах, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Fennosize KD 225 YP), осущСствляСтся Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ вСщСства (ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ…ΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Hi-Cat) Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ азотсодСрТащий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ…, ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² сухом состоянии ΠΈ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ-Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ процСсс «расклСйки» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ

    Π’Π›Π˜Π―ΠΠ˜Π• Π£Π‘Π›ΠžΠ’Π˜Π™ ЭКБВРАКЦИИ НА Π­Π€Π€Π•ΠšΠ’Π˜Π’ΠΠžΠ‘Π’Π¬ Π˜Π—Π’Π›Π•Π§Π•ΠΠ˜Π― Π­ΠšΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠšΠ’Π˜Π’ΠΠ«Π₯ Π’Π•Π©Π•Π‘Π’Π’ Π˜Π— РОМАШКИ ΠΠŸΠ’Π•Π§ΠΠžΠ™ И МЯВЫ ΠŸΠ•Π Π•Π§ΠΠžΠ™

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    The effect of the parameters for extraction process of chamomile and peppermint with 1,2-propylene glycol upon the efficiency of extracting has been studied. Dependencies upon the temperature, the process duration and the extractant – extractive ratio upon the content of extractives in the extracts have been studied. It has been established that with decreasing the ratio of raw materials to solvent, and increasing the temperature and the duration of the process, the content of extractives increases reaching the maximum at 240 mg/g for peppermint and 160 mg/g for chamomile. This content of extractive substances is provided under the following conditions: for chamomile – ratio of raw materials: 1,2-monopropylene glycol – 1: 10, temperature – 56 Β°C, extraction time – 50 min; For peppermint: 1: 10, 60 Β°C, 50 min respectively.Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ влияниС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² процСсса экстракции Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ мяты ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ 1,2-ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ извлСчСния экстрактивных вСщСств. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ зависимости, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ влияниС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ процСсса ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ экстрагируСмого ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ растворитСля Π½Π° содСрТаниС экстрактивных вСщСств Π² экстрактах. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ ΠΈ растворитСля, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ процСсса содСрТаниС экстрактивных вСщСств увСличиваСтся ΠΈ максимальноС ΠΈΡ… количСство составляСт: для мяты ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ – 240 ΠΌΠ³/Π³, для Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ – 160 ΠΌΠ³/Π³. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ содСрТаниС экстрактивных вСщСств Π² Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² обСспСчиваСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… условиях: для Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ : 1,2-ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒ – 1 : 10, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° – 56 Β°Π‘, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экстракции – 50 ΠΌΠΈΠ½; для мяты ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ 1 : 10, 60 Β°Π‘, 50 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ соотвСтствСнно.

    Does the revised cardiac risk index predict cardiac complications following elective lung resection?

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    Background: Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) score and Thoracic Revised Cardiac Risk Index (ThRCRI) score were developed to predict the risks of postoperative major cardiac complications in generic surgical population and thoracic surgery respectively. This study aims to determine the accuracy of these scores in predicting the risk of developing cardiac complications including atrial arrhythmias after lung resection surgery in adults. Methods: We studied 703 patients undergoing lung resection surgery in a tertiary thoracic surgery centre. Observed outcome measures of postoperative cardiac morbidity and mortality were compared against those predicted by risk. Results: Postoperative major cardiac complications and supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in 4.8% of patients. Both index scores had poor discriminative ability for predicting postoperative cardiac complications with an area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.59 (95% CI 0.51-0.67) for the RCRI score and 0.57 (95% CI 0.49-0.66) for the ThRCRI score. Conclusions: In our cohort, RCRI and ThRCRI scores failed to accurately predict the risk of cardiac complications in patients undergoing elective resection of lung cancer. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommendation to seek a cardiology referral for all asymptomatic pre-operative lung resection patients with > 3 RCRI risk factors is thus unlikely to be of clinical benefit
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