581 research outputs found
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Resin acid amides of rosin, depending on the structure, can have both a hydrophobizing and hardening effect on paper pulps. It has been established that the developed products of rosin modification (adhesive rosin composition TMAS3N and polyamide resin ProChem DUO) containing amides of resin acids, when introduced into paper pulps made from fibrous suspensions of sulphate cellulose (unbleached and bleached) of coniferous and broad-leaved species and waste paper, different in the degree of grinding (25, 40 and 70 Β°ShR), contribute to the increase in the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction. The effect of the TMAS-3N emulsion was compared with the traditionally used TM and AKD sizing emulsions. The introduction of the TMAS-3N emulsion into paper pulps (0.40 % of a. d. w.) provides the maximum increase in the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction made from cellulose, equal to 16.7β88.6 %, and from waste paper β 19.4β75.4 %, which is 1.6β6.4 and 2.3β4.5 times more compared to TM emulsion, respectively. The achieved positive effect is due to the presence in the TMAS-3H emulsion of particles of the dispersed phase of hydroxyethylamides and aminoethyl ethers capable of forming hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups on the mating surfaces of cellulose fibers. Sizing paper stocks with AKD emulsion reduces the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction over the entire range of paper content studied. Polyamide resin ProChem DUO, which is a polyaminoamide of rosin resin acids, at its content in paper stocks of 0.10 %, increases the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction, made from cellulose and waste paper suspensions, by 50.0β92.3 and 44.4β63.5 %, respectively. The obtained results of increasing the strength of interfiber bonds in paper in the z-direction by resin acid amides of rosin are in full agreement with the mechanism of bridged bonds and the theory of hydrogen bonds.ΠΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ (ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΡΠΎΠ₯ΠΈΠΌ DUO), ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (Π½Π΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ) Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° (25, 40 ΠΈ 70 Β°Π¨Π ), ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π’Π ΠΈ AKD. ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ (0,40 % ΠΎΡ Π°. Ρ. Π².) ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ 16,7β88,6 %, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ β 19,4β75,4 %, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π’Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π² 1,6β6,4 ΠΈ 2,3β4,5 ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ AKD ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΡΠΎΠ₯ΠΈΠΌ DUO, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
0,10 % ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π° 50,0β92,3 ΠΈ 44,4β63,5 % ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π² z-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ
Fine structure and optical pumping of spins in individual semiconductor quantum dots
We review spin properties of semiconductor quantum dots and their effect on
optical spectra. Photoluminescence and other types of spectroscopy are used to
probe neutral and charged excitons in individual quantum dots with high
spectral and spatial resolution. Spectral fine structure and polarization
reveal how quantum dot spins interact with each other and with their
environment. By taking advantage of the selectivity of optical selection rules
and spin relaxation, optical spin pumping of the ground state electron and
nuclear spins is achieved. Through such mechanisms, light can be used to
process spins for use as a carrier of information
Using Root Case Analysis To Study Prosecutorial Error: A Collaboration Between The Montgomery County (Pennsylvania) District Attorney\u27s Office And The Quattrone Center For The Fair Administration Of Justice
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°
Chemical interaction of abietic acid with diethylenetriamine at molar ratio of 1,0 : 1,2 and temperatures of 190 and 210 Β°Π‘ allows to obtain a product with acid number of 55 and 18 mg ΠΠΠ/g, temperature of softening of 24-26 Β°Π‘ and 29-31 Β°Π‘ respectively, mixing unlimitedly with water and thermally stable up to 300 Β°Π‘. This product can be used as a functional substance, capable of giving some water repellency to paper and cardboard and improving its strength.Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1,0:1,2 ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
190 ΠΈ 210 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ 55 ΠΈ 18 ΠΌΠ³ ΠΠΠ/Π³, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠ³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 24-26 Β°Π‘ ΠΈ 29-31 Β°Π‘ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ 300Β°Π‘. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½
The modification of rosin resin acids, which improves their hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard, is based on the implementation of 6 stages. Control of chemical processes at each stage is carried out by monitoring and regulating temperature and flow parameters, which determine the achievement of the required physical and chemical properties and composition of intermediates and final substance. One of the main indicators is the acid number, which for the final substance should be 60β70 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to the content of free resin acids in the functional substance of 40β45 %. The fulfillment of the specified temperature and consumption parameters for the modification of resin acids of rosin and the achievement of the necessary physicochemical properties of intermediates at each stage ensures the production of a functional substance with an improved hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard. Compared to the traditionally used TM adhesive-paste, the developed functional substance in the production of paper with absorbency at one-sided wetting of not more than 21 g/m2 provides a reduction in the content of particles of the dispersed phase of the rosin emulsion by 1.4β2.0 times, which indicates its improved properties, and maximum preservation of the original strength of the paper by reducing the distance between the fibers due to a 3.3β3.8 times reduction (from 4200β5000 to 1100β1480 nm) in the size of sizing complexes.ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 6 ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ 60β70 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ 40β45 %. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅ΠΌ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π’Π, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 21 Π³/ΠΌ2 ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1,4β2,0 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 3,3β3,8 ΡΠ°Π·Π° (ΠΎΡ 4200β5000 Π΄ΠΎ 1100β1480 Π½ΠΌ) ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
Spin relaxation in low-dimensional systems
We review some of the newest findings on the spin dynamics of carriers and
excitons in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells. In intrinsic wells, where the optical
properties are dominated by excitonic effects, we show that exciton-exciton
interaction produces a breaking of the spin degeneracy in two-dimensional
semiconductors. In doped wells, the two spin components of an optically created
two-dimensional electron gas are well described by Fermi-Dirac distributions
with a common temperature but different chemical potentials. The rate of the
spin depolarization of the electron gas is found to be independent of the mean
electron kinetic energy but accelerated by thermal spreading of the carriers.Comment: 1 PDF file, 13 eps figures, Proceedings of the 1998 International
Workshop on Nanophysics and Electronics (NPE-98)- Lecce (Italy
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½
A new nitrogen-containing product based on tall oil rosin, adipic acid and diethylenetriamine is capable of simultaneously exerting a strengthening and hydrophobizing effect on paper and cardboard made both from primary (cellulose) and secondary (waste paper) fibers. The strengthening effect is due to the presence in its structure of nitrogen-containing groups βNH2 and βNHβ capable of forming additional interfiber bonds with negatively charged hydroxyl groups of cellulose macromolecules. Hydrophobizing effect is provided by resin acids included in the product. Preparation of the product with preset physicochemical properties (acid number not more than 40 mg KOH/g, solubility in water, cationic character and thermal stability at a temperature of at least 135 Β°C) was carried out in three stages. The first stage is the tall oil resin acids modification with diethylenetriamine; the second stage is the polycondensation of the resin acid amides obtained in the first stage with adipic acid and diethylenetriamine; the final stage is water dilution of the product formed in the second stage, to a solids content of 10β12 %. In paper masses containing primary and secondary fibers glued with alkylketene dimers (Fennosize KD 225 YP), the replacement of the import strengthening agent (cationic starch Hi-Cat) with a new nitrogen-containing product allows us, first, to increase the dry strength of paper and cardboard and improve hydrophobicity and, secondly, to prevent undesirable process of βstickingβ when storing paper samples (elementary layers of cardboard).ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
). Π£ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ βNH2 ΠΈ βNHβ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 40 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 135 Β°Π‘) ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ: 1 β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ; 2 β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ; 3 β ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² 10β12 %. Π Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Fennosize KD 225 YP), ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Hi-Cat) Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠΠΠ―ΠΠΠ Π£Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠ€Π€ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠ¨ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠ―Π’Π« ΠΠΠ ΠΠ§ΠΠΠ
The effect of the parameters for extraction process of chamomile and peppermint with 1,2-propylene glycol upon the efficiency of extracting has been studied. Dependencies upon the temperature, the process duration and the extractant β extractive ratio upon the content of extractives in the extracts have been studied. It has been established that with decreasing the ratio of raw materials to solvent, and increasing the temperature and the duration of the process, the content of extractives increases reaching the maximum at 240 mg/g for peppermint and 160 mg/g for chamomile. This content of extractive substances is provided under the following conditions: for chamomile β ratio of raw materials: 1,2-monopropylene glycol β 1: 10, temperature β 56 Β°C, extraction time β 50 min; For peppermint: 1: 10, 60 Β°C, 50 min respectively.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ: Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ β 240 ΠΌΠ³/Π³, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ β 160 ΠΌΠ³/Π³. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
: Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ : 1,2-ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ β 1 : 10, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° β 56 Β°Π‘, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ β 50 ΠΌΠΈΠ½; Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 1 : 10, 60 Β°Π‘, 50 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
Does the revised cardiac risk index predict cardiac complications following elective lung resection?
Background:
Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) score and Thoracic Revised Cardiac Risk Index (ThRCRI) score were developed to predict the risks of postoperative major cardiac complications in generic surgical population and thoracic surgery respectively. This study aims to determine the accuracy of these scores in predicting the risk of developing cardiac complications including atrial arrhythmias after lung resection surgery in adults.
Methods:
We studied 703 patients undergoing lung resection surgery in a tertiary thoracic surgery centre. Observed outcome measures of postoperative cardiac morbidity and mortality were compared against those predicted by risk.
Results:
Postoperative major cardiac complications and supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in 4.8% of patients. Both index scores had poor discriminative ability for predicting postoperative cardiac complications with an area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.59 (95% CI 0.51-0.67) for the RCRI score and 0.57 (95% CI 0.49-0.66) for the ThRCRI score.
Conclusions:
In our cohort, RCRI and ThRCRI scores failed to accurately predict the risk of cardiac complications in patients undergoing elective resection of lung cancer. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommendation to seek a cardiology referral for all asymptomatic pre-operative lung resection patients withβ>β3 RCRI risk factors is thus unlikely to be of clinical benefit
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