Multitracer irrigation experiments for assessing the relevance of preferential flow for non-sorbing solute transport in agricultural soil

This study addresses the relevance of preferential flow for the transport of a non-sorbing solute in a sandy agricultural field with nitrate-contaminated groundwater. Two multitracer irrigation experiments were conducted 1) in October 2017, and 2) in March 2018 on a 2 m × 2 m plot on an agricultural field in Northern Germany (Cloppenburg region). For irrigation 1, Cl-, H218O, and 15NO3- were used as tracers, for irrigation 2, Br-, 2H2O, and 15NO3- were used as tracers. Between both irrigation events the study plot was subject to natural precipitation. The study plot was instrumented with soil moisture sensors and suction plates. The occurrence of preferential flow was studied based on the following data: (1) tracer breakthrough curves collected by five suction plates; (2) the spatial distribution of resident tracer concentrations in soil at the end of the experiment; and (3) 3D-time lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) during both irrigation events. The spatial distribution of water residence times at the end of the experiment was calculated based on measured tracer concentrations in the soil and the known fingerprints of three sources of water (irrigation 1, rain and irrigation 2) applied to the plot. The relevance of preferential flow for the leaching of a non-sorbing solute was assessed by comparing the observed and Hydrus-1D-modeled cumulative leaching of Cl-. In comparison to the conservative tracers 1–11% of the applied 15NO3- was removed from soil solution most probably due to microbial processes. Continuous preferential flow paths were observed below the plow pan. The same preferential flow paths seem to be used repeatedly by the successive rain/irrigation events. However, the mobile-immobile regions appear to exist only for a short period of time, because fast matrix flow balances the spatial heterogeneity in tracer distribution. The residence time of soil water varied from 1 to 3 months at 40–50 cm depth and was not older than 4 months at 190–200 cm depth. Hydrus-1D transient model calculations predicted 13%-30% less leaching of a conservative tracer during wintertime compared to the experimentally estimated averaged leaching from our study plot. Therefore, our main result is that preferential flow, though responsible for a high spatial heterogeneity in leaching loads within study plot in our non-structured sandy soil, increased only slightly the averaged cumulative solute leaching during wintertime from the plot

Thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of Al2 O3/ MgAl2O4/MgO in Al-Silica metal matrix composite

The formation of Al2O3, MgAl2O4, and MgO has been widely studied in different Al base metal matrix composites, but the studies on thermodynamic aspects of the Al2O3/ MgAl2O4/MgO phase equilibria have been limited to few systems such as Al/Al2O3 and Al/SiC. The present study analyzes the Al2O3/MgAl2O4 and MgAl2O4/MgO equilibria with respect to the temperature and the Mg content in Al/SiO2 system using an extended Miedema model. There is a linear and parabolic variation in Mg with respect to the temperature for MgAl2O4/MgO and Al2O3/MgAl2O4 equilibria, respectively, and the influence of Si and Cu in the two equilibria is not appreciable. The experimental verification has been limited to MgAl2O4/MgO equilibria due to the high Mg content (&ge;0.5 wt pct) required for composite processing. The study has been carried out on two varieties of Al/SiO2 composites, i.e., Al/Silica gel and Al/Micro silica processed by liquid metallurgy route (stir casting route). MgO is found to be more stable compared to MgAl2O4 at Mg levels &ge;5 and 1 wt pct in Al/Silica gel and Al/Micro silica composites, respectively, at 1073 K. MgO is also found to be more stable at lower Mg content (3 wt pct) in Al/Silica gel composite with decreasing particle size of silica gel from 180 micron to submicron and nanolevels. The MgO to MgAl2O4 transformation has taken place through a series of transition phases influenced by the different thermodynamic and kinetic parameters such as holding temperature, Mg concentration in the alloy, holding time, and silica particle size.<br /