Cross-Sector Review of Drivers and Available 3Rs Approaches for Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing

Acute systemic toxicity studies are carried out in many sectors in which synthetic chemicals are manufactured or used and are among the most criticized of all toxicology tests on both scientific and ethical grounds. A review of the drivers for acute toxicity testing within the pharmaceutical industry led to a paradigm shift whereby in vivo acute toxicity data are no longer routinely required in advance of human clinical trials. Based on this experience, the following review was undertaken to identify (1) regulatory and scientific drivers for acute toxicity testing in other industrial sectors, (2) activities aimed at replacing, reducing, or refining the use of animals, and (3) recommendations for future work in this area

Bulletin of Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency - n° 50 - February 2021 - Oyster aquaculture using seagrass beds as a climate change countermeasure

Abstract: In the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) led by the United Nations, coastal management methods are required to achieve both sustainable food production and environmental conservation as a climate change countermeasure. Oyster farming is an important food production method now being developed in coastal areas around the world. Recently, climate change has caused several negative effects on oyster aquaculture such as poor spat collection due to oligotrophication, ocean acidification, and poor spat growth and survival due to frequent anoxic events derived from high seawater temperature. The oysters cultivated in many regions of the world are intertidal species inhabiting intertidal zones such as sandy/muddy tidal flats and estuaries, where seagrass beds are often distributed in adjacent lower intertidal and subtidal areas. Seagrass vegetation is one of the most important ecosystems functioning as a countermeasure for global climate change. Not only does it mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by sequestration and storage of blue carbon derived from atmospheric CO2, but it also functions as an adaptation measure providing a buffering function against ocean acidification and water quality improvement. Based on the concept of aquaculture supported by natural ecosystem interactions between oysters and seagrass beds, our project examined whether aquaculture techniques that take into account both mitigation and adaptation to climate change are effective for both sustainable use of coastal areas and environmental conservation. We conducted field experiments in both the French Mediterranean Sea and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan to clarify the effect of eelgrass beds on (1) natural oyster spat collection and (2) growth and survival of oyster spat. The results of our experiments revealed that spat recruitment was significantly higher in areas without eelgrass distribution, while spat growth and survival rate after the settlement were significantly higher in eelgrass beds even when anoxic events occurred in the study areas. Therefore, our results indicate a possibility that seagrass vegetation contributes to sustainability of oyster aquaculture by mitigating environmental degradation during cultivation.