Definition of Spam 2.0: New Spamming Boom

The most widely recognized form of spam is e-mail spam, however the term “spam” is used to describe similarabuses in other media and mediums. Spam 2.0 (or Web 2.0 Spam) is refereed to as spam content that is hosted on online Web 2.0 applications. In this paper: we provide a definition of Spam 2.0, identify and explain different entities within Spam 2.0, discuss new difficulties associated with Spam 2.0, outline its significance, and list possible countermeasure. The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with a complete understanding of this new form of spamming

Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral geometry in functional mitral regurgitation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objectives</p> <p>We sought to evaluate the geometric changes of the mitral leaflets, local and global LV remodeling in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and varying degrees of Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR).</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) occurs as a consequence of systolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction caused by ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Mitral valve repair in ischemic MR is one of the most controversial topic in surgery and proper repairing requires an understanding of its mechanisms, as the exact mechanism of FMR are not well defined.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>136 consecutive patients mean age of 55 with systolic LV dysfunction and FMR underwent complete echocardiography and after assessing MR severity, LV volumes, Ejection Fraction, LV sphericity index, C-Septal distance, Mitral valve annulus, Interpapillary distance, Tenting distance and Tenting area were obtained.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was significant association between MR severity and echocardiogarphic indices (all p values < 0.001). Severe MR occurred more frequently in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients compared to ischemic patients, (p < 0.001). Based on the model, only Mitral valve tenting distance (TnD) (OR = 22.11, CI 95%: 14.18 – 36.86, p < 0.001) and Interpapillary muscle distance (IPMD), (OR = 6.53, CI 95%: 2.10 – 10.23, p = 0.001) had significant associations with MR severity.</p> <p>Mitral annular dimensions and area, C-septal distance and sphericity index, although greater in patients with severe regurgitation, did not significantly contribute to FMR severity.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Degree of LV enlargement and dysfunction were not primary determinants of FMR severity, therefore local LV remodeling and mitral valve apparatus deformation are the strongest predictors of functional MR severity.</p

Dietary differences between elderly Iranians living in Sweden and Iran a cross-sectional comparative study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>During the last decades, global migration has increased and many immigrant groups have a higher prevalence than the native born population of several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including poor dietary habits. However, it is uncertain if dietary habits in immigrant populations reflect dietary habits in their country of origin or if the current diet is a consequence of the migration and possible change of dietary habits. The aim of this study was to examine possible dietary differences between elderly Iranians living in Stockholm, Sweden with elderly Iranians living in Tehran, Iran, taking into account sex, age, marital status, and education.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Dietary intakes were assessed by semi - quantitative food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional study of 121 Iranians living in Stockholm and 52 Iranians living in Tehran, aged 60-80. Differences in dietary habits between the two groups was analysed by bootstrapped regression analyses with 1000 replications.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Iranians living in Sweden had significantly higher intake of protein, total fat, fiber than Iranians living in Iran, but lower consumption of carbohydrates. The observed differences in intake of macronutrients were reflected in consumed amount of all food items, which were higher among Iranians living in Iran with the exception of bread and grain consumption which was lower.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>There are general differences in dietary habits between Iranians living in Iran and Iranians living in Sweden. Parts of observed differences in dietary habits may reflect a favourable adoption process to the Swedish dietary habits after migration. Meanwhile other differences are point of concern in light of the high prevalence of overweight, among Iranians living in Sweden and can have unfavourable impact in particular in the context of cardiovascular health.</p

How much money do spammers make from your website?

Despite years of researcher’s contribution in the domain of spam filtering, the question as to how much money spammers can make has largely remained unanswered. The value of spam-marketing on the web can be determined by discovering the cost of distributing spam in Web 2.0 platforms, and the success ratio of turning a spamming campaign into a profitable activity. Currently, there is limited knowledge on the nature of spam distribution in web applications, and public methods for estimating the turnover rate for spammers, in the existing literature. Therefore, we adopted a methodological approach to address these issues and measure the value of spam-marketing on the web. Using current spam tactics, we targeted 66,226 websites both in English and non-English languages. We launched a spam campaign and set up a website to replicate spam practices. We posted spam content to 7,772 websites that resulted in 2059 unique visits to our website, and 3 purchase transactions, in a period of a month. The total conversion visit rate for this experiment was 26.49% and purchase rate was 0.14%

The Seroepidemiology of Haemophilus Influenzae Type b in Children Under 6 Years Old in Khorramabad, Iran

Background and Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is now recognized as an agent of bacterial meningitis in Asia. Polyribosil Ribitol Phosphate (PRP) capsule are in all of the strains and IgG antibodies can be target. Due to limited studies on H. influenzae type b in the country and the lack of sufficient information on the status of carriers, achieve a comprehensive model of the spread of the bacteria in the carrier's most vulnerable children is the aim of this study. Material and Methods: In this study, 194 (49% female and 51% male) serum samples were collected from children under 6 years old referred to medical centers in Korram Abad. The serological study of H. influenzae type b was carried using anti-H. influenzae PRP IgG antibodies kit by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Of 194 children under 6 years-old screened for H. influenzae-specific IgG antibodies with ELISA, 6 (3 percent) were IgG seropositive. Prevalence of bacteria in children under 2 years was 67% that demonstrated no significant association between seropositivity in subjects and place of residence of children with the prevalence of bacteria. Conclusion: The prevalence of H. influenzae type b seropositivity in our study was 3% of the total sample. In current study, a higher percentage of males than females were seropositive and frequency of predominant bacteria in patients younger than 2 years. The age factor is a variable that positively affects serum. Regarding to non-Hib vaccination in children, the presence of the bacteria in children can be important

The Effect of Instruction on Students’ Knowledge and Attitude towards Breast

Background and Objectives: Breast self examination (BSE) is an easy and inexpensive method to screen breast cancer and unlike Mammography, BSE performing is widely possible in developing countries. The incidence rate of breast cancer is higher in developed countries but it is being increased in developing countries such as Iran as a result of lifestyle change and reproductive pattern similar to those in western countries thus affecting Iranian women at a younger age and at advanced stages. Due to the fact that BSE should perform monthly after the age 20, the aim of the present study was to determine instruction effect on students’ knowledge and attitude of female students upon BSE.Methods: 174 students were selected by cluster random sampling and questionnaires were completed by interview. After that an instructional program was planned for them with the model being presented through live lecture. Finally the same questionnaires were completed again after 4 months by interview. The data were then analyzed by S.P.S.S software (ver10)Results: The mean scores of students’ knowledge and attitude were significantly increased after education. (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings showed that Iranian students' knowledge of BSE is inadequate. It may be due to two causes: 1. there is no formal instructional programs about awareness of breast cancer for this age group in Iran.2. As the students are unmarried and very young, they may rarely refer to health care centers. The importance of BSE has been highlighted and it is recommended that BSE instruction be put in the students’ curriculum

The changing nature of spam 2.0

Spam 2.0 (or Web 2.0 Spam) is referred to as spam content that is hosted on Web 2.0 applications (blogs, forums, social networks etc.). Such spam differs from traditional spam as this is targeted at Web 2.0 applications and spreads through legitimate websites. The main problems with Spam 2.0 is spam websites get undeserved high ranking in search engines, damage the reputation of legitimate websites, wastes' valuable computing resources and deceives users resulting in proliferation of scam, fraud and other security attacks. Protecting the Internet against Spam 2.0 attacks is increasingly becoming important due to the potential threats it poses to the innocent web users. The paper contributes in this direction by attempting to understand the root cause of the problem, by investigating the changing nature of Spam 2.0. To understand this we setup an online discussion forum as a Honeypot to capture spam content. The collected data is analysed to identify trends within the spam corpus, which includes repetitiveness in the use of email addresses, patterns within email addresses, repetitiveness of forum posts, domains used for spamming, keywords and categories, origin of spam traffic. In the future we aim to use these trends in developing a preventive or early detection system that could predict future spam activities and would allow us to take pre-emptive actions to address them