Nonviral Approaches for Neuronal Delivery of Nucleic Acids

The delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to neurons has the potential to treat neurological disease and spinal cord injury. While select viral vectors have shown promise as gene carriers to neurons, their potential as therapeutic agents is limited by their toxicity and immunogenicity, their broad tropism, and the cost of large-scale formulation. Nonviral vectors are an attractive alternative in that they offer improved safety profiles compared to viruses, are less expensive to produce, and can be targeted to specific neuronal subpopulations. However, most nonviral vectors suffer from significantly lower transfection efficiencies than neurotropic viruses, severely limiting their utility in neuron-targeted delivery applications. To realize the potential of nonviral delivery technology in neurons, vectors must be designed to overcome a series of extra- and intracellular barriers. In this article, we describe the challenges preventing successful nonviral delivery of nucleic acids to neurons and review strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges

Effect of intra-articular Botulinum toxin injections on temporo-mandibular joint pain

International audienceTemporo-mandibular joint dysfunction can be painful and disabling. In some cases, it is refractory to classical treatment. Intra-articular Botulinum toxin injections have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of such injections on severe, refractory temporo-mandibular joint pain. This was a retrospective study. Patients were included if they still had joint pain≥5 on a Visual Analogue Scale following completion of all other treatments. A complete treatment protocol (including physiotherapy, tongue splints, intra muscular injections of Botulinum toxin and injections of hyaluronic acid, excluding surgery) having being done before the injection of 30 Botox* units (Botulinum toxin A), the treatment being considered clinically successful if the Visual Analogue Scale decreases by at least 2 points. Seventy-seven patients were included. Sixty-six percent of patients have a significant reduction in pain at 1 month which lasted at least until 3 months. Mouth opening and quality of life also improved. Moreover, no complications were reported. Further randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm the results, however this study suggests intra-articular injection of Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment for severe, refractory temporo-mandibular joint pain, avoiding surgery

Alumina-grafted macro-/mesoporous silica monoliths as continuous flow microreactors for the Diels-Alder reaction

International audienc

Structure of 2,6-dicyclohexylnaphthalene

C22H28, M(r) = 292.4, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 25.691 (4), b = 5.663 (1), c = 13.279 (2) angstrom, beta = 113.83 (1)-degrees, V = 1767.3 (4) angstrom 3, Z = 4, D(x) = 1.06 Mg m-3, lambda(Mo K-alpha) = 0.71069 angstrom, mu = 0.63 mm-1, F(000) = 640, T = 293 K, R = 0.048 for 1137 observed reflections. The 2,6-dicyclohexylnaphthalene contains a crystallographic symmetry centre. The presence of two bulky substituents involves only slight deviation from flatness for the naphthalene ring. The cyclohexyl substituents adopt a chair conformation

Zeolite Y Crystals with Trimodal Porosity as Ideal Hydrocracking Catalysts

Effektive Poren: Zeolith-Y-Kristalle mit Mikroporen (ca. 1 nm), kleinen (ca. 3 nm) und großen Mesoporen (ca. 30 nm) wurden aus zuvor mit Dampf und Säure behandeltem Material durch Auslaugen mit Base erhalten. Die Zeolith-Y-Kristalle mit trimodaler Porosität (siehe elektronentomographische Aufnahme) zeigen beim Hydrocracking eine nahezu ideale Selektivität für und erhöhte Ausbeuten an Kerosin und Diesel

Zeolite Y Crystals with Trimodal Porosity as Ideal Hydrocracking Catalysts

Effektive Poren: Zeolith-Y-Kristalle mit Mikroporen (ca. 1 nm), kleinen (ca. 3 nm) und großen Mesoporen (ca. 30 nm) wurden aus zuvor mit Dampf und Säure behandeltem Material durch Auslaugen mit Base erhalten. Die Zeolith-Y-Kristalle mit trimodaler Porosität (siehe elektronentomographische Aufnahme) zeigen beim Hydrocracking eine nahezu ideale Selektivität für und erhöhte Ausbeuten an Kerosin und Diesel