87 research outputs found
Liver Transplantation in Patients with Hepatitis C
As a leading indication for liver transplantation in Western countries, hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a significant burden both before and after transplantation. Post-transplant disease recurrence occurs in nearly all patients with detectable pre-transplant viremia, therefore compromising the lifesaving significance of transplantation. Many factors involving the donor, recipient and virus have been evaluated throughout the literature, although few have been fully elucidated and implemented in actual clinical practice. Antiviral therapy has been recognized as a cornerstone of HCV infection control; however, experience and success are limited following transplantation in a challenging cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis. Current therapeutic protocols surpass those that were used previously, both in regards to sustained viral response (SVR) and the side-effect profile
Uvodnik: Hepatologija danas - odabrane teme
KroniÄne bolesti jetre, kao i njihove komplikacije, jedne su od najÄeÅ”Äih bolesti u ordinacijama specijalista gastroenterologije i obiteljske medicine. Zbrinjavanje navedenih bolesnika predstavlja svakodnevni izazov za gastroenterologe i lijeÄnike obiteljske medicine. Zahtijeva pravovremeno otkrivanje bolesti te interdisclipinaran pristup sustavnoj i dugotrajnoj skrbi.
Neprepoznato i nelijeÄeno akutno zatajenje jetre povezano je s visokim rizikom smrtnog ishoda i jedna je od najÄeÅ”Äih indikacija za hitnu transplantaciju jetre. S druge strane, neprepoznate i nelijeÄene komplikacije kroniÄnih bolesti jetre dovode do razvoja ciroze jetre i komplikacija portalne hipertenzije.
S porastom uÄestalosti debljine i metaboliÄkoga sindroma, uÄestalost nealkoholne masne bolesti jetre (engl. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) poprimila je epidemijske razmjere te je danas najÄeÅ”Äi uzrok promijenjenih jetrenih parametara. NAFLD je danas rastuÄi etioloÅ”ki Äimbenik hepatocelularnoga karcinoma (HCC), sudjeluje u patogenezi niza izvanjetrenih kroniÄnih bolesti (kroniÄne bubrežne bolesti, Å”eÄerne bolesti tipa 2, kardiovaskularne bolesti, kolorektalnoga karcinoma itd.) i trenutno predstavlja drugu najÄeÅ”Äu indikaciju za lijeÄenje transplantacijom jetre.
Uz nealkoholnu masnu bolest jetre, u opÄoj populaciji velik izazov predstavlja dijagnoza bolesnika s virusnim hepatitisima B i C. S obzirom na dostupnost direktnih antivirusnih lijekova s kojima postižemo izljeÄenje u gotovo 99% bolesnika s kroniÄnim hepatitisom C, danas je jedan od glavnih izazova kako postiÄi mikroeliminaciju kroniÄnoga hepatitisa C. Danas infekciju s kroniÄnim hepatitisom B možemo uspjeÅ”no kontrolirati Å”irokom paletom dostupnih lijekova, ali ne i izlijeÄiti.
Nadalje, alkoholna bolest jetre je i dalje vodeÄi uzrok terminalne bolesti jetre (ciroze jetre i HCC-a), stoga je nužna, kroz interdisciplinaran pristup, pravovremena protekcija ovih bolesnika.
I dalje znaÄajna proporcija bolesnika oboljelih od autoimunih i kolestatskih bolesti jetre dugo vremena ostaje neprepoznata, te ih otkrivamo u veÄ uznapredovanim fazama bolesti.
S obzirom na javnozdravstveni znaÄaj navedenih kroniÄnih bolesti jetre, cilj ovoga tematskog broja je kroz interdisciplinaran pristup lijeÄnika obiteljske medicine te gastroenterologa/specijalizanata gastroenterologije i medicinskih sestara iz podruÄja gastroenterologije, prikazati radove s aktualnim smjernicama o dijagnozi, lijeÄenju i praÄenju ovih bolesnika
An unusual case of anemia and intestinal obstruction caused by a benign duodenal tumor
The duodenum is rarely affected by neoplasms with less than 5% of gastrointestinal tumors being found in the small intestine. Nevertheless, they
can be of great clinical significance. Usual symptoms include abdominal pain, acid reflux, constipation, and melena. While upper gastrointestinal bleeding is relatively frequent and occurs in around 100 per 100,000 adults per year, duodenal tumors are one of its rarest causes. The most common benign duodenal tumors are adenomas, followed by lipomas, haemangiomas, and leiomyoma
Urea Breath Test
Infekcija bakterijom Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori) izrazito je Äesta diljem svijeta. Njom je zaraženo 40-
50% populacije u razvijenim zemljama te Äak 80-90% populacije
u zemljama u razvoju. Ta gram-negativna bakterija ima
presudnu ulogu u razvitku svih vrsta kroniÄnoga gastritisa,
stvara predispoziciju za nastanak gotovo 80% želuÄanih
ulkusa i viŔe od 95% ulkusa na dvanaesniku, a prepoznata je
i kao želuÄani karcinogen I. reda. Razvijene su brojne invazivne
i neinvazivne tehnike dijagnosticiranja. Tradicionalno se
dijagnostika bazirala na endoskopskom pregledu jednjaka,
želuca i dvanaesnika, s biopsijama želuÄane sluznice, a za
potrebe histoloŔke i mikrobioloŔke dijagnostike (invazivne
metode). U traženju jednostavnijeg pristupa razvijene su i brojne
neinvazivne dijagnostiÄke metode za otkrivanje same
infekcije i za kontrolu uspjeha eradikacijske terapije. Najpopularniji
neinvazivni test je urejni izdisajni test, baziran na otkrivanju
oznaÄenog ugljiÄnog dioksida (oznaÄenog izotopom
ugljika - 13C ili 14C) u uzorku izdahnutog zraka, kao rezultat
enzimske ureazne aktivnosti bakterije H. pylori. RazliĆite vrste
izdisajnih testova uspjeĻno su testirane i vrednovane, a njihova
je osjetljivost i specifiÄnost najÄeÅ”Äe viÅ”a od 95%. Testovi
su izbora za neinvazivnu dijagnostiku infekcije H. pylori,
kao i za kontrolu uspjeha eradikacijske terapije.Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is
very common throughout the world, occurring in 40-50% of the
population in developed countries and 80-90% of the population
in developing regions. This Gram-negative bacterium
plays a decisive role in the development of all kind of chronic
gastritis, predisposes to almost 80% of gastric and over 95%
of duodenal ulcers, and has been recognised as a class I gastric
carcinogen. Several techniques, both invasive and noninvasive,
have been developed to diagnose H. pylori infection.
The diagnosis has been traditionally based on endoscopy with
biopsies of the gastric mucosa for histology and culture (invasive
technique). In search for less intrusive methods, various
non-invasive H pylori testing have been developed, both for
diagnostic investigation, and for therapeutic monitoring after
eradication therapy. The most popular non-invasive test is
urea breath test (UBT), based on the detection of labelled carbon
dioxide (labelled with carbon-13 or carbon-14) in expired
air as a result of H pylori urease activity. Numerous variations
of the UBT have been successfully tested and validated, with
a sensitivity and specificity of over 95%. It is the non-invasive
test of choice for diagnosing active H. pylori infection as well
as for confirming eradication after treatment
Urea Breath Test
Infekcija bakterijom Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori) izrazito je Äesta diljem svijeta. Njom je zaraženo 40-
50% populacije u razvijenim zemljama te Äak 80-90% populacije
u zemljama u razvoju. Ta gram-negativna bakterija ima
presudnu ulogu u razvitku svih vrsta kroniÄnoga gastritisa,
stvara predispoziciju za nastanak gotovo 80% želuÄanih
ulkusa i viŔe od 95% ulkusa na dvanaesniku, a prepoznata je
i kao želuÄani karcinogen I. reda. Razvijene su brojne invazivne
i neinvazivne tehnike dijagnosticiranja. Tradicionalno se
dijagnostika bazirala na endoskopskom pregledu jednjaka,
želuca i dvanaesnika, s biopsijama želuÄane sluznice, a za
potrebe histoloŔke i mikrobioloŔke dijagnostike (invazivne
metode). U traženju jednostavnijeg pristupa razvijene su i brojne
neinvazivne dijagnostiÄke metode za otkrivanje same
infekcije i za kontrolu uspjeha eradikacijske terapije. Najpopularniji
neinvazivni test je urejni izdisajni test, baziran na otkrivanju
oznaÄenog ugljiÄnog dioksida (oznaÄenog izotopom
ugljika - 13C ili 14C) u uzorku izdahnutog zraka, kao rezultat
enzimske ureazne aktivnosti bakterije H. pylori. RazliĆite vrste
izdisajnih testova uspjeĻno su testirane i vrednovane, a njihova
je osjetljivost i specifiÄnost najÄeÅ”Äe viÅ”a od 95%. Testovi
su izbora za neinvazivnu dijagnostiku infekcije H. pylori,
kao i za kontrolu uspjeha eradikacijske terapije.Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is
very common throughout the world, occurring in 40-50% of the
population in developed countries and 80-90% of the population
in developing regions. This Gram-negative bacterium
plays a decisive role in the development of all kind of chronic
gastritis, predisposes to almost 80% of gastric and over 95%
of duodenal ulcers, and has been recognised as a class I gastric
carcinogen. Several techniques, both invasive and noninvasive,
have been developed to diagnose H. pylori infection.
The diagnosis has been traditionally based on endoscopy with
biopsies of the gastric mucosa for histology and culture (invasive
technique). In search for less intrusive methods, various
non-invasive H pylori testing have been developed, both for
diagnostic investigation, and for therapeutic monitoring after
eradication therapy. The most popular non-invasive test is
urea breath test (UBT), based on the detection of labelled carbon
dioxide (labelled with carbon-13 or carbon-14) in expired
air as a result of H pylori urease activity. Numerous variations
of the UBT have been successfully tested and validated, with
a sensitivity and specificity of over 95%. It is the non-invasive
test of choice for diagnosing active H. pylori infection as well
as for confirming eradication after treatment
Mirsad SijariÄ, Cold-steel Weapons from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Archaeology of the High and Late Mediaeval Periods, National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 2014
Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Gubitak tjelesne težine je primarna terapija za veÄinu bolesnika s NAFLD-om. ZapoÄinje intervencijama s ciljem promjene naÄina života, primarno izmjene režima prehrane i vježbanja. Bolesnicima koji imaju prekomjernu tjelesnu težinu ili pretilost preporuÄuje se gubitak 5 ā 7 %, a bolesnicima s NASH-om 7 ā 10 % tjelesne težine brzinom od 0,5 do 1 kg tjedno. U bolesnika koji tijekom Å”est mjeseci ne ispune ciljeve moguÄe je razmotriti opciju lijeÄenja barijatrijskom kirurgijom. Terapija lijekovima opcija je lijeÄenja u dijela bolesnika koji ne dostižu ciljeve potrebnoga gubitka tjelesne težine, a koji imaju biopsijom dokazani NASH sa stadijem fibroze ā„ 2 ili riziÄnim Äimbenicima povezanima s razvojem i/ili progresijom fibroze. Odabir terapije ovisan je o tome ima li bolesnik Å”eÄernu bolest. Prema aktualnim smjernicama, bolesnicima bez Å”eÄerne bolesti savjetuje se ponuditi lijeÄenje vitaminom E. Iako je u prvoj liniji terapije Å”eÄerne bolesti tipa 2 metformin, zbog blagotvornog uÄinka ostalih ne-beta citotropnih lijekova (pioglitazon, liraglutid) na histoloÅ”ke promjene jetre u bolesnika s NAFLD-om potrebno ih je uzeti u obzir pri odabiru drugoga lijeka za bolesnike s NASH-om (koji ne mogu uzimati metformin ili trebaju dodatnu terapiju za snižavanje glukoze). Zbog moguÄih nuspojava sve terapijske opcije potrebno je preispitati pojedinaÄno za svakog bolesnika imajuÄi u vidu omjer dobrobiti i Å”tetnih posljedica. Bolesnici s NAFLD-om izloženi su poveÄanom riziku za kardiovaskularne bolesti i Äesto imaju viÅ”estruke faktore rizika povezane s komponentama metaboliÄkoga sindroma. Stoga lijeÄenje bolesnika s NAFLD-om i Å”eÄernom bolesti i/ili hipertenzijom ukljuÄuje optimizaciju kontrole glukoze u krvi i arterijskoga tlaka. Bolesnici s hiperlipidemijom kandidati su za terapiju hipolipemicima.Weight loss is the primary therapy for most patients with NAFLD. It begins with lifestyle interventions, primarily diet modification and exercise. Overweight or obese patients are advised to lose 5-7% and patients with NASH 7-10% of body weight at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 kg per week. Bariatric surgery can be considered for patients who do not meet weight loss goals after six months. Drug therapy is also an option in those patients who have biopsy-proven NASH with fibrosis stage ā„2 or risk factors related to the development and/or progression of fibrosis, and who fail to reach their weight loss goals. Choice of therapy also depends on whether the patient has diabetes mellitus. Current guidelines recommend that patients without diabetes mellitus take vitamin E therapy. Although metformin is considered first-line agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the beneficial impact of other insulin-sensitizing agents (pioglitazone, liraglutide) on liver histology in patients with NAFLD should be taken into consideration when choosing a secondline agent for patients with NASH (who cannot take metformin or need additional glucose-lowering therapy). Given the possible side effects, all treatment options should be considered individually for each patient based on risk-benefit evaluation. Patients with NAFLD are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and often have multiple risk factors related to components of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the management of patients with NAFLD and diabetes and/or hypertension includes optimization of blood glucose and arterial hypertension control. Patients with hyperlipidaemia are candidates for lipid-lowering therapy
INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Izmijenjeni imunoloÅ”ki odgovor zajedniÄki je nazivnik bolesnicima sa cirozom jetre te onima s transplantiranom jetrom, a
sukladno tome obje su populacije pod poveÄanim rizikom od bakterijskih infekcija. KliniÄka slika razlikuje se od one u opÄoj populaciji, a uobiÄajeni znakovi upale su nepouzdani. Bakterijske infekcije vodeÄi su uzrok pobolijevanja i smrtnosti u bolesnika s uznapredovalom jetrenom bolesti, a rizik od smrtnog ishoda u sepsi dvostruko je veÄi nego u opÄoj populaciji. Bolesnici s transplantatom sve duže preživljavaju zahvaljujuÄi napretku u kirurÅ”koj tehnici i imunosupresiji, a kao vodeÄe rane i kasne posttransplantacijske komplikacije izdvajaju se upravo bakterijske infekcije. Spektar uzroÄnika i tip infekcije su Å”iroki, a veliku ulogu ima vrijeme proteklo od transplantacije. U obje skupine pravodobna dijagnostiÄka obrada te terapijska intervencija kljuÄ su pozitivnog ishoda.Altered immune response is a feature of both liver cirrhosis and liver transplantation. Both populations are at an increased risk of
bacterial infections, often with atypical clinical presentation. Classic features of the infl ammatory response are often absent or altered.
In advanced liver disease, bacterial infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the risk of fatal outcome due to sepsis is twice as high as in the general population. Patient survival after liver transplantation continues to improve owing to enhanced surgical techniques and development of modern immunosuppressive protocols. A broad spectrum of often atypical bacterial infections are emerging as important posttransplantation complications. Timely diagnosis and therapeutic intervention is necessary for favorable outcome
Aortic balloon valvuloplasty as a bridge to liver transplantation in a patient with severe aortic stenosis and end-stage liver disease
Older Age in Croatian Clinical Practice is not Discriminative Factor for Liver Transplantation
Transplantacija jetre je oblik terapije kod ireverzibilnog akutnog ili kroniÄnog zatajenja jetre. Bolje lijeÄenje brojnih bolesti rezultiralo je produženjem životnog vijeka s posljediÄnim starenjem populacije. Valja naglasiti da ne postoji dobna granica kako za primatelja tako ni za davatelja organa kod transplantacijskog lijeÄenja, pa se sve ÄeÅ”Äe radi o starijim primateljima/davateljima organa. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi udio bolesnika starijih od 65 godina lijeÄenih transplantacijom jetre u ukupnom broju jednako lijeÄenih bolesnika, te prikazati vrstu i uÄestalost komplikacija ovakvog lijeÄenja. Od 1. sijeÄnja 2013 do 1. rujna 2019. godine u KB Merkur transplantacijom jetre lijeÄeno je ukupno 746 bolesnika od kojih je 206 (27,6 %) bilo starije od 65 godina. U toj podskupini bolesnika najÄeÅ”Äa indikacija za transplantaciju jetre bila je primarna neoplazma jetre (44,2 %), potom alkoholna bolest jetre (29,6 %), dok su ostale indikacije bile prisutne u 26,2 % bolesnika. Mortalitet tijekom zahvata ili u posttransplantacijskom praÄenju u ovoj podskupini bolesnika iznosio je 31 %. NajÄeÅ”Äi uzroci smrti bile su: infekcije, sepsa i multiorgansko zatajenje. Kao zakljuÄak može se reÄi da životna dob bolesnika nije kontraindikacija za transplantacijsko lijeÄenje, osobito kod bolesnika kojima je to jedina metoda lijeÄenja bolesti u vitalnoj indikaciji. Psihijatrijska procjena je važan i sastavni dio pre- i posttransplantacijske faze praÄenja bolesnika.Background: Liver transplantation is a method of treatment for irreversible end-stage liver insufficiency. Improved treatment of various diseases has led to the extension of life expectancy and consequently older world population. It must be pointed out that there is no age limit either for organ donation or organ transplantation. Since the population is getting older, today more and more patients who receive liver transplantation are elderly patients. The aim of this study was to show the percentage of elderly patients who received liver transplantation in our centre, as well as to analyse the rate and type of complications of the treatment. The study was retrospective, and included patients treated by liver transplantation in the period between January 1, 2013 and September 1, 2019 at the University Hospital Merkur. There were 746 treated patients, 206 of whom (27.6%) were elderly (>65 years) patients. The main indication for the treatment was primary liver neoplasm (44.2%), followed by alcohol liver disease (29.6%), and other indications (26.2%). The mortality rate during operation and in the post-transplantation follow up period was 31%. The most frequent cause of death were infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure. Conclusion: Older age is not a contraindication for liver transplantation, especially if it is a lifesaving procedure. Psychiatric assessment is an important and integral part of the pre- and post-transplantation follow-up phase
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