The lignicolous fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd (1920): a promising natural source of antiradical and AChE inhibitory agents

This study aimed to determine antiradical (DPPH center dot and (OH)-O-center dot) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities along with chemical composition of autochtonous fungal species Trametes versicolor (Serbia). A total of 38 phenolic compounds with notable presence of phenolic acids were identified using HPLC/MS-MS. Its water extract exhibited the highest antiradical activity against (OH)-O-center dot (3.21 mu g/mL), among the rest due to the presence of gallic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids. At the concentration of 100 mu g/mL, the same extract displayed a profound AChE inhibitory activity (60.53%) in liquid, compared to donepezil (89.05%), a drug in clinical practice used as positive control. The flavonoids baicalein and quercetin may be responsible compounds for the AChE inhibitory activity observed. These findings have demonstrated considerable potential of T. versicolor water extract as a natural source of antioxidant(s) and/or AChE inhibitor(s) to be eventually used as drug-like compounds or food supplements in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Anti-hydroxyl radical activity, redox potential and anti-AChE activity of Amanita strobiliformis polysaccharide extract

This study outlines antioxidant and anti-AChE activities of the polysaccharide (PSH) extract from the mushroom species Amanita strobiliformis. Both the presence of alpha and ss glucans within the aforementioned extract was recorded. PSH extract displayed a profound scavenging activity of OH radicals (IC50 value, 11.86 +/- 0.59 mu g/mL) and high potential for reduction of Fe3+ ions (174.11 +/- 8.70 mg eq. AA/g d.w.) being almost 48- and 5-fold more effective than mannitol and butylated hydroxytoluene used as a positive control, respectively. Compared with galanthamine (0.001 mu g), the same extract exhibited a moderate anti-AChE activity (10 mu g) in solid. Since purified PSH extract exhibited higher bioactivity (IC50 value 7.27 +/- 0.31 mu g/mL, 197.68 +/- 9.47 mg eq. AA/g d.w. and 0.1 mu g, respectively), it can be predominantly ascribed to the polysaccharide compounds. A. strobiliformis PSH extract may be considered as a promising resource of potent bioactive polysaccharides of natural origin successfully addressing both oxidative stress and lack of acetylcholine

Identification of biomarkers specific to five different nicotine product user groups: Study protocol of a controlled clinical trial

Background: Assessing biomarker profiles in various body fluids is of large value to discern between the sole use of nicotine products. In particular, the assessment of the product compliance is required for long-term clinical studies. The objective of this study was the identification of biomarkers and biomarker patterns in body fluids, to distinguish between combustibles, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, oral tobacco and oral/dermal nicotine products used for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), as well as a control group of non-users. Methods: A controlled, single-center study was conducted with 60 healthy subjects, divided into 6 groups (5 nicotine product user groups and one non-user group) based on their sole use of the products of choice. The subjects were confined for 76 h, during which, free and uncontrolled use of the products was provided. Sample collections were performed according to the study time schedule provided in Table 2. The primary outcome will be validated through analysis of the collected biospecimens (urine, blood, saliva, exhaled breath and exhaled breath condensate) by means of untargeted omics approaches (i.e. exposomics, breathomics and adductomics). Secondary outcome will include established biomarker quantification methods to allow for the identification of typical biomarker patterns. Statistical analysis tools will be used to specifically discriminate different product use categories. Results/Conclusions: The clinical trial was successfully completed in May 2020, resulting in sample management and preparations for the quantitative and qualitative analyses. This work will serve as a solid basis to discern between biomarker profiles of different nicotine product user groups. The knowledge collected during this research will be required to develop prototype diagnostic tools that can reliably assess the differences and evaluate possible health risks of various nicotine products

A comparative overview of antioxidative properties and phenolic profiles of different fungal origins: fruiting bodies and submerged cultures of Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum

Bioactive properties of fungi considerably differ between the fruiting body (FB) and the submerged culture as regards mycelia (M) and the fermentation broth (F). Antioxidant properties of hot-water extracts obtained from three different fungal origins: FB, M and F of two autochthonous fungal species (Northern Serbia), Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum were investigated. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH assay and reducing power ability (FRAP assay). Considering possible bioactive properties of different compounds present in fungal extracts, the content of total proteins (TP), phenols (TC) and flavonoids (TF) were investigated colorimetrically. The chemical characterisation of the examined extracts was evaluated using the HPLC-MS/MS method. C. comatus showed the strongest RSC activity; more precisely, fermentation broth extract (FCc) on DPPH radicals (IC50 = 5.06 mu g mL(-1)) and fruiting body extract (FBCc) for the FRAP assay (42.86 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g). Submerged M extract of both species showed the highest TC (MCc 81.95 mg gallic acid eq (GAE)/g d.w.; MCt 81.64 mg GAE/g d.w.), while FB extracts contained the highest content of TP. Comparing LC-MS phenolic profiles between species-interspecifically and among different fungal origins-intraspecifically (fruiting bodies and submerged cultures), high variations were noticed. In submerged M or F extracts of C. comatus, vanillic, gallic, gentisic and cinnamic acids were detected, as opposed to FB. Considering that diverse phenolic profiles of detected antioxidant compounds were obtained by submerged cultivation, this type of cultivation is promising for the production of antioxidant substances

The polysaccharide extracts from the fungi Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum do exhibit AChE inhibitory activity

The polysaccharide (PSH) extracts from the edible mushroom species Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum were screened in liquid for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChE) activity. Both extracts were found to display inhibition of the aforementioned enzyme reaching similar IC50 values of 0.62 +/- 0.07 and 0.61 +/- 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. According to the means of FTIR spectroscopy, these PSH extracts mostly contained beta-glucans. However, the presence of some proteins and polyphenolics as minor ingredients were also detected. Compared with existing literature data for anti-AChE activity of the sugar samples, the findings within this study may be treated as a profound bioactivity. Consequently, this study puts some light on the possible use of the screened macrofungi in the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease. [GRAPHICS]

Fatty Acids Predominantly Affect Anti-Hydroxyl Radical Activity and FRAP Value: The Case Study of Two Edible Mushrooms

Compared to plants, nowadays mushrooms attract more attention as functional foods, due to a number of advantages in manipulating them. This study aimed to screen the chemical composition (fatty acids and phenolics) and antioxidant potential (OH center dot, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)) of two edible mushrooms, Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum, collected from nature and submerged cultivation. Partial least square regression analysis has pointed out the importance of some fatty acids-more precisely, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) followed by fatty acids possessing both short (C6:0 and C8:0) and long (C23:0 and C24:0) saturated chains-and phenolic compounds (such as protocatechuic acid, daidzein, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, genistein and vanillic acid) for promising anti-OH center dot, FRAP and anti-DPPH center dot activities, respectively. However, other fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3n3) along with the flavonol isorhamnetin are actually suspected to negatively affect (by acting pro-oxidative) the aforementioned parameters, respectively. Taken together, design of new food supplements targeting oxidative stress might be predominantly based on the various UFAs combinations (C18:2n6, C20:1, C20:2, C20:4n6, C22:2, C22:1n9, etc.), particularly if OH center dot is suspected to play an important role

Coprinus comatusfiltrate extract, a novel neuroprotective agent of natural origin

In vitroacetylholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of an autochthonous sample of the mushroomCoprinus comatus(encompassing fruiting body FB, mycelia M and filtrate F from the submerged cultivation) was the subject of this study.C. comatusF extract exhibited rather potent anti-AChE activity (73.0 +/- 1.5%) atin liquidconditions, comparable to those of the conventional drug donepezil (80.6 +/- 1.4%). Also, the same extract exhibited high anti-AChE activity (1 mu g)in solid. While its FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, quercetin (28.1 mu g g(-1)d.w.) was found to affect the observed bioactivity (59.8 +/- 0.9%). This is the first report of profound anti-AChE activity of anyC. comatusextract, a medicinal mushroom that has been successfully cultivated in P.R. China, due to the demanding needs of food industry

Phenolic profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of herb and root extracts of seven selected legumes

Herb and root parts of legumes are not commonly used in human consumption, since they are traditionally considered waste material. Although inedible, these plant parts have a complex chemical composition, with potential biological activities. They are especially rich in polyphenols, such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids and phenolic acids. In this paper, phenolic profile of the seven selected legumes (soybean (Glycine max L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), pea (Pisum sativum L.), broad bean (Vida faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), white lupin (Lupinus albus L) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L)) was examined using LC-MS/MS method. In the examined herb and root extracts 33 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. High levels of isoflavones genistein and daidzein were found in G. max, P. vulgaris and L. albus root extracts (1.02-1.53, 0.309-0.648 and 2.81 mg/g, respectively). C. arietinum, L. albus and P. vulgaris herb extracts were found to be the richest sources of flavonoid compounds (13.1-19.4, 5.98 and 2.36-3.64 mg/g, respectively). Since polyphenols have redox properties, antioxidant activity of the abovementioned plants was investigated using DPPH center dot, NO center dot, and FRAP assay. All samples demonstrated the ability to scavenge both DPPH center dot and NO center dot radical, and exhibited a good FRAP reducing power. V. faba exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH center dot IC50 11.7-20 mu g/mL, NO center dot IC30 0.080-0.34 mg/mL, FRAP 32.6-66.9 AAE/g dw). Anti-inflammatory potential was examined using in vitro COX-1/12-LOX pathway inhibition assay, resulting in moderate activity of all samples (IC50 2.09-8.00 for all metabolites). The obtained results indicate a strong potential of waste legume material as a promising source for isolation of bioactive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds for their use as therapeutic and dietary supplements in pharmaceutical and food industry